Experience of using Phenotropil in clinical practice

Phenylpiracetam
(4-phenylpiracetam, “Phenotropil”, “Nanotropil novo”[1][2]) is a drug[3][4][5] belonging to the group of nootropic drugs. As stated in the instructions, it has nootropic, stimulating, anxiolytic, antiasthenic, anticonvulsant and neuromodulatory effects [6]. In the resolution of the meeting of the Presidium of the Formulary Committee of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences on March 16, 2007, phenotropil (phenylpiracetam) was recognized as “an outdated drug with unproven effectiveness”[7]. Previously, phenylpiracetam was known as the drug "Carphedon", effective in increasing physical performance, resistance to cold and used to treat amnesia[8].

Phenylpiracetam is capable of having a pronounced stimulating effect on motor reactions and increasing physical performance, therefore it was previously used by athletes as a doping, and therefore included by the World Anti-Doping Agency in the list of prohibited substances during sports competitions[9].

As of 2021, it is included in the list of vital and essential drugs in the Russian Federation[10] (under the name “N-carbamoylmethyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone”).

Story

Phenylpiracetam was developed at the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems as a new generation psychostimulant capable of increasing the mental and physical performance of astronauts at various stages of space flights of various durations without compromising the accuracy of operator activity when speed increases, as well as making the right decisions in extreme conditions.

At the stage of laboratory development of the drug and in preclinical studies, the name “Carphedon” was used, which consisted of elements of the chemical name (N-methylene car

bokasmido-4-
phenyl
-2-pyrroli
don
), which was rejected at the stage of clinical trials due to the similarity in pronunciation with cardiovascular drugs (cordiamin, cordarone, corinfar, etc.) according to the decision of the nomenclature commission of medicines of the Ministry healthcare of the Russian Federation.

In 2010, the drug was given its current international nonproprietary name, phenylpiracetam, by the World Health Organization.[11]

In August 2003, the drug was registered in the Russian state register of medicines under the trademark "Phenotropil" (manufacturer - Shchelkovo Vitamin Plant) [6], then this registration was canceled, and from 2008 to April 2017 "Phenotropil" was registered for [1]. In 2021, Valenta Pharm announced that it would stop producing the drug Phenotropil, because... licensing agreements for relevant trademarks and patents were revoked “at the initiative of the copyright holders”[12][13].

In May 2021, the nootropic drug Nanotropil novo with the same active ingredient as Phenotropil, phenylpiracetam, appeared in pharmacies. The production of Phenotropil stopped at Valenta Pharm in 2021 due to disagreements with the drug's copyright holder. The regulatory certificate for Nanotropil has been newly registered, production is organized at the Obninsk Chemical and Pharmaceutical Company (OCHPC, part of Mir-Pharm).[14]

Phenotropil (carphedon)[edit | edit code]

10 tablets of 100 mg
Phenotropil

(international name
Phenylpiracetam
, chemical name -
4-phenylpiracetam
) is a drug with a nootropic effect, in addition it has psychostimulating, anticonvulsant, antihypoxic and antihypertensive properties. It has an adaptogenic effect in various stress models. Phenotropil prevents overload of higher nervous activity during information overload in experiments in higher animals, normalizes the daily biorhythm of the sympathoadrenal system. It is a chemically improved formula of piracetam.

Fenotropil

Phenotropil in sports[edit | edit code]

The drug has a clear activating effect, as a result of which it was included in the list of prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency. So in 2006, Russian biathlete Olga Pyleva was disqualified for 2 years. In August 2008, another Russian athlete (steeplechase) Roman Usov was disqualified.

Based on the experience of using it in sports, we can say with confidence that this is one of the few drugs whose effect is really felt. Already on the 2-3rd day of use, there is a noticeable increase in endurance, physical activity and strength indicators. It is recommended to take 3-7 days before the competition, at a dose of 200-500 mg per day. It is not advisable when gaining muscle mass, since phenotropil moderately reduces appetite and promotes weight loss.

It is worth noting that phenotropil is extremely effective for increasing mental activity during preparation for exams or other heavy mental activity. The need for sleep is significantly reduced, and the absorption and processing of information improves. For these purposes, it is taken according to the instructions.

Properties

Phenylpiracetam belongs to the family of piracetam derivatives (2-pyrrolidone) and is a phenyl-substituted piracetam. The addition of a phenyl group presumably causes a change in the pharmacokinetic properties of piracetam (for example, it may improve the penetration of the drug through the blood-brain barrier).

The fonturacetam molecule contains one chiral center at the fourth carbon atom of the pyrrolidone ring; in pharmaceutical practice, a racemic mixture of R- and S-enantiomers is used.

According to a study conducted on animals, both enantiomers have a comparable degree of effect as an antidepressant and stimulant of motor reactions, however, only the R-isomer of phenylpiracetam exhibits a nootropic (memory improving) effect [15].

Pharmacology

The mechanism of pharmacological action of phenylpiracetam is not reliably known. There is evidence that it has a direct affinity for nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and can also increase the concentration of glutamate NMDA receptors (although it does not directly bind to them) [16]. It has been established that phenylpiracetam is inert towards all types of dopamine receptors, the 5-HT2-type serotonin receptor and GABA receptors (both GABAA and GABAB).

After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, distributed into various organs and tissues, and easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. The absolute bioavailability of the drug when taken orally is 100%. The maximum level in the blood is reached after 1 hour.

Phenylpiracetam is not metabolized in the body and is excreted unchanged. About 40% is excreted in the urine, 60% in bile and sweat. The half-life is 3-5 hours.

The toxicity of the drug is relatively low.

Fenotropil - reviews

Paul

I read negative and neutral reviews...you either drank some kind of counterfeit game, or I don’t know what the reason is, maybe you took more pills a day, someone over there drank 2 coffees, hahaha

Half a tablet is enough for me and within an hour you feel the power of this drug; on average, the activation of the nervous system lasts 12-15 hours. Increased mood, mental endurance - you can engage in mental work for several hours in a row, the time between thinking and making decisions is minimal.

There are no withdrawal symptoms or lethargy the next day; if you sleep well, it feels like phenotropil continues to act throughout the day.

I drink it from time to time and I don’t understand at all people who drink it more than a tablet a day. With half a pill I can’t fall asleep until 4-5 in the morning. This is the only side effect. You just need to get a good night's sleep and everything is fine, don't be dramatic.

Larisa Alexandrovna

I have problems with the blood vessels in my head. dizziness . diabetes It was dripped systemically when there was a point. but basically a waste of time. I drank and took a lot of pills. And phenotropil came across by accident. I drank phenotropil for a month for a year. The condition began to improve from the first days of taking it. so to each his own. And now it is not available in pharmacies - re-registration

Andrey

I read reviews and am amazed at the lazy creatures waiting for a miracle and a magic pill; people simply don’t lose weight from pills, they don’t become Einsteins, they can at most be an auxiliary aid, I personally drink Phenotropil to increase endurance in the gym, there really is practically no after-workout muscle pain, you can also do more exercises, in terms of mental activity and performance, fatigue is significantly reduced and the ability to concentrate increases.

Galina

I am very glad that such a drug exists! It’s a pity that I found out about it too late, I was caring for an elderly mother, work, children, grandchildren, etc. I was nervous, tired, any new problem unsettled me. I woke up already tired. My son recommended phenotropil. At first I refused, then I took 3 tabs for a trial. Next time I drank one in the morning and by the end of the day I noticed the effect! I redid everything, the irritability in my soul was calm, I wanted to live! I went and bought a package of 30 tablets. I shared the pills with my daughter, but she didn’t feel any effect. Now phenotropil is always in my medicine cabinet - but I only drink them when I have something to do or when I wake up I feel exhausted

Julia

After the second birth, a black hole formed in my head, and problems arose with multitasking. Many mothers will understand me: lethargy, apathy, endless lack of sleep. You go to the room for diapers, napkins and a toy, and return only with diapers(((I went to a neurologist, prescribed Phenotropil for 1,150 rubles, 30 tablets, a course of one month, one tablet after waking up. At the very first appointment, I felt cheerful, my head began to work better, with than if you just go to bed, you won’t feel anything. That is, the effect appears when you overload yourself with any activity, brain work or physical activity. Of course, you don’t become a superman and I’ve read many reviews, they write about improving the perception of colors and other various miracles, such people need either another drug, or a simple trip to a specialist, to whom they need to tell everything in spirit, about their perception of the drugs. To sum it up, I’m happy, in fact, I got even more than I expected( I didn’t expect at all that I would notice at least some effect, I thought like with valerian: drink for a long time in order for it to have at least some effect. I’m writing it myself, unfortunately, I’m not paid for the review, although I don’t mind)) I bought a package for my husband, from he also has problems with memory, today he drank the first one, when he comes home from work, I’ll ask how it affected him, I think he’ll definitely have white unicorns running before his eyes, since he’s a secret psycho, but he doesn’t know about it?

https://clevermind.ru/fenotropil/

Dmitry Litvinenko

I’ve been drinking it for the fifth year now with periodic breaks of 2 weeks to a month. I drink it in combination with Noben and caffeine, it perfectly helps to cope with a large flow of new information, cleanses the body of toxins and allows you to see the world more broadly. I weigh 80 kg, all this time I eat once a day or two, I haven’t lost weight) I have become more resistant to cold weather and pressure changes, everything has somehow settled down on its own. A psychiatrist once diagnosed me with organic personality disorder and prescribed phenotropil. Well, then my personal fantasy supplemented this teaching with additional supplements

https://www.woman.ru/health/diets/thread/4180814/1/#m34603047

Angie

Initially, it was prescribed by a neurologist, supposedly to give me strength during a session, but after purchasing and reading the instructions, I realized that I simply urgently needed this drug! Moreover, I have obesity due to endocrinology, hypothalmic syndrome and many unpleasant “joys”, but even with 1 tablet of phenotropil, my appetite noticeably decreases, I took it for 2 months (because I wrote a diploma and then entered again, in general there is stress and constant load), it was just easy and great for me to pass everything + I didn’t feel like eating at all, not at all. Now I’m starting to drink again, a huge plus of Phenotropil is that it gives me a light head, as if there is no pain, I think well, my vision has even improved, and I eat little, my stomach decreases in volume. True, there is one minus, you can’t quit it quickly, you need to gradually, otherwise severe depression is guaranteed. I don’t know if it’s really harmful, maybe for healthy people, yes, but my whole body is damaged, despite the fact that I’m only 20 years old, so I can’t live without phenotropil…. By the way, piracetam is also good, in injections, it invigorates and brightens the head, but does not affect appetite.

https://www.woman.ru/health/diets/thread/4180814/

Yuki

I started taking phenotropil to improve my performance (I have a complex job that requires concentration and brain effort.

At the same time I noticed that the “zhor” had disappeared. It’s not my appetite (I eat normally), but it’s the gluttony that has been bothering me for a very long time. This is the unhealthy need familiar to many - constantly chewing something, even when you are already completely full. I read reviews about phenotropil on the Internet - indeed, it has such an effect. And in the instructions in the list of indications there is a line “for obesity”. (I’m not obese, but I do have excess weight: those last few kilos that are the hardest to lose.)

Already minus a kilo in three days. For the sake of the experiment, I temporarily stopped taking phenotropil - the weight has not returned yet.

Let's share our experience. Is it possible to significantly lose weight while continuing to take Phenotropil? Doesn't the weight come back later? Who has what experience? (this, of course, is not an advertisement. As a fly in the ointment: the drug has side effects. Some people don’t notice, but others are very bothered by it.)

https://irecommend.ru/content/fenotropil-pomog-i-nervy-v-poryadok-privesti-i-lishnie-kilo-skinut-za-etim-preparatom-budush

AnimaZoo

Phenotropil belongs to the class of nootropics. These are medications that activate brain activity and have no (or minor) side effects. I wanted to shake myself up and recover from general anesthesia. My memory began to fail after the operation under general anesthesia).

I read about Phenotropil - that it is a new generation nootropic and is not addictive. And I decided that this safe and modern medicine is what I need. But I didn’t think that Phenotropil would have such a dramatic effect on my health and character.

I became like an Energizer battery after just a week of taking Phenotropil. She carried it around the house, did chores, and took care of the children. I began to find the strength to do fitness. I stopped sleeping during the day - and thanks to this, I had an extra two hours of time for myself. I stopped being sad and freaking out: I just can’t experience negative emotions! And I can’t sit idle!

Thanks to such powerful support, I was able to lose 8 kilograms. And the coolest thing is that after two months of taking the pills, I didn’t have any addiction, I didn’t feel the withdrawal effect. I'm not a pharmacist and I don't understand exactly how these pills work on the brain, but they work simply amazing!!!

If there is a dark streak in your life, if you are exhausted and mentally tired, you always want to sleep and you are like a sleepy fly - then there is a way out!! Try Phenotropil, since it even helped me, it will help you too!!!

https://irecommend.ru/content/esli-visnet-kompyuter-prinimaite-fenotropil

BELAY VORONA

Advantages: anti-stress, really works!), increases performance, helps with mental fatigue, improves concentration, improves cerebral circulation, improves memory.

We often do not attach importance to forgetfulness. You go to the refrigerator and don’t remember what you wanted to take. As soon as you close the door, you immediately remember. You leave the house and start checking your bag for a wallet, phone, keys, etc. These are the first bells. Personally, I had no doubts whether to accept it or not. Even the pharmacist at the pharmacy, a fairly young girl, gave it to me and said that it was an excellent drug and that she takes it herself.

I really hoped that my memory would improve, and my hopes did not deceive me. If I needed to make 3-4 purchases in a store, I would definitely write them down on my phone. While out of habit, I make a shopping list, but I almost never look at it anymore.

I didn’t even notice how the absent-mindedness went away. My headaches started to hurt less often and not as bad as before. It seems to me that my vision has even gotten better. My general condition improved and I felt more cheerful. I started planning everything, and most importantly, fulfilling my plans, and not putting them aside.

In addition, my hands, which I had to rub every morning after sleep, stopped going numb. I thought it was because I sleep with them tilted up. Now it’s even strange to wake up without numbness.

Another interesting detail, I’m a freezing person by nature, especially when I sit too long at the computer, my legs just freeze. After taking nootropil, my feet stopped freezing, and I can tolerate the cold in the apartment more easily, I don’t wrap myself up like cabbage. I carefully read the annotation; indeed, it says so there.

These are such nice bonuses that I didn’t even expect to receive. I just wanted to improve my memory and concentration.

You only need to take 1 tablet, once a day, in the morning, but no later than 15:00.

Do I recommend Phenotropil? If you have problems, I highly recommend it.

And a little advice for the absent-minded. How often have you had to painfully remember when outside the house, did I turn off the iron? There is a simple method: when you turn off the iron, holding the fork in your hand, say placing accents, I turned off the iron. It would be enough. You can do the same with other problems. This is not a bad memory, it is a person who does not focus on what he is doing. He does one thing and thinks about something else.

https://irecommend.ru/content/ne-pomogaet-da-chto-vy-sdal-za-menya-sessiyu-sbereg-moi-nervy-ne-dal-zasnut-v-otvetstvennyi

elleonbry

Advantages: anti-stress, really works!), acts immediately, helps to wake up quickly, helps with mental fatigue, the most effective, improves memory, clarity of mind

Disadvantages: expensive

At first I bought a box of 10 tablets - because I was warned that it is not suitable for everyone and can cause dizziness and nausea. But I'm lucky! The product did not cause any side effects, except that it reduced my appetite to a minimum... Although, I admit that my appetite dropped due to stress... Looking at me, my friend also bought a box. Helped her a lot too! Later we went and bought another box, already 30 pieces))

How did you take it? One tablet a day during lectures, and 2 tablets during a workshop. I admit, without a medical prescription... Ay-ah, you say... But we can, we ourselves are paramedics and practically already pharmacists))) But I advise you to consult a doctor! Prescription drug!

The product acts immediately, from the first tablet, unlike the majority of nootropic drugs!

What did we gain from taking the drug? What are the effects?

1. Memory. We learned most of the information already in lectures. God, I didn’t study at all one of the questions on the ticket I came across... But I remembered the essence that was given at the lecture! This was enough!
2. Concentration. During the lectures we thought about the lectures)) The speech was not confused, thoughts during the exam were formulated easily.
3. Cheerfulness. Considering 4-5 hours of sleep per day - this is incredible! But it's a fact.
4. Self-confidence, calmness)))))). There was no hysteria before the exam, my hands didn’t shake, my tongue didn’t slur! They answered clearly and confidently, remembering even what they didn’t know)))))

In addition, I repeat, we noted a pleasant side effect. Considering our “chocolate-nut” diet, we not only did not gain weight, but even lost 3 kg. Of course, nerves... But not only. I am so delighted with the effect of this drug that I want to attribute all the benefits to it!

I am sure that this is the best tool for students today. I recommend it unless your doctor finds any contraindications to it. If he advises, we boldly take it! And... calm down, girls! We can do ANYTHING!

Application

The manufacturer declares a wide range of indications for the use of phenylpiracetam, but practically no reliable results of clinical trials that would confirm the effectiveness of the drug have been published in scientific publications.

According to one study, phenylpiracetam may have a positive effect on the recovery of patients after a stroke. During the study, 200 patients received three courses of the drug at a dose of 400 mg/day within one year after a stroke (the average duration of one course was 30 days). Based on the results of treatment, the degree of restoration of impaired neurological functions and everyday adaptation in the observed patients was higher than in the control group[17].

According to some insufficiently confirmed data, phenylpiracetam has a beneficial effect on the α- and β-rhythms of the brain[18][19], and also has a positive effect on the condition of people with asthenic syndrome[18][20].

Instructions[edit | edit code]

Pharmacological action[edit | edit code]

A nootropic drug that has a pronounced anti-amnesic effect, has a direct activating effect on the integrative activity of the brain, promotes memory consolidation, improves concentration and mental activity, facilitates the learning process, increases the speed of information transfer between the hemispheres of the brain, increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and toxic influences. It also has anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects, regulates the processes of activation and inhibition of the central nervous system, and improves mood. It has a positive effect on metabolic processes and blood circulation in the brain, improves regional blood flow in ischemic areas of the brain, stimulates redox processes, and increases the body’s energy potential due to better utilization of glucose. It increases the concentration of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the brain, does not affect the content of GABA, does not bind to either GABAa or GABAb receptors, and does not have a noticeable effect on the spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the brain. Does not affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, exhibits an unpronounced diuretic effect, and has anorexigenic activity when used in a course. The stimulating effect of the drug is manifested in the ability to have a pronounced effect on motor reactions, in increasing physical performance, in pronounced antagonism to the cataleptic effect of neuroleptics, as well as in weakening the severity of the hypnotic effect of ethanol and hexenal. The psychostimulating effect predominates in the ideational sphere. It has some analgesic effect, increasing the threshold of pain sensitivity. The adaptogenic effect manifests itself in increasing the body's resistance to stress under conditions of excessive mental and physical stress, fatigue, hypokinesia and immobilization, and low temperatures. While taking the drug, there is an increase in visual acuity, brightness and visual fields. Improves blood supply to the lower extremities. Stimulates the production of antibodies in response to the introduction of an antigen, but at the same time does not contribute to the development of immediate hypersensitivity and does not change the allergic skin reaction caused by the introduction of a foreign protein. With a course of use, drug dependence, tolerance, and sleep-wake syndrome do not develop. Chronic alcoholism (in order to reduce the phenomena of asthenia, depression, intellectual and mental disorders).

Contraindications[edit | edit code]

Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation, childhood. With caution. Severe organic diseases of the liver and kidneys, severe arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, a history of panic attacks, acute psychotic states occurring with psychomotor agitation (risk of exacerbation of anxiety, panic, hallucinations and delirium), allergic reactions to drugs from the pyrrolidone group.

Side effects[edit | edit code]

Insomnia (if the drug is taken later than 15 hours). In the first 1-3 days: psychomotor agitation, skin hyperemia, feeling of warmth, increased blood pressure. Overdose. Treatment is symptomatic.

Method of administration and dosage[edit | edit code]

Inside, immediately after eating. The average single dose is 150 mg (100-250 mg), the average daily dose is 250 mg (200-300 mg), the maximum daily dose is 750 mg. The daily dose is divided into 2 doses. Duration of treatment - from 2 weeks to 3 months. The average duration of treatment is 30 days. If necessary, a repeat course is possible after 1 month. To improve performance - 100-200 mg once in the morning for 2 weeks (for athletes - 3 days). Alimentary-constitutional obesity: 100-200 mg 1 time per day in the morning for 30-60 days.

Special instructions[edit | edit code]

It is not recommended to take the drug later than 15 hours. In case of excessive psycho-emotional exhaustion against the background of chronic stress and fatigue, chronic insomnia, a single dose of the drug on the first day can cause a sharp need for sleep, so patients undergoing outpatient treatment are recommended to start treatment on non-working days.

Interaction[edit | edit code]

Enhances the effect of drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, nootropic drugs and antidepressants.

Notes

1. ↑ 1 2
   Registration certificate
   (unspecified)
   . State register of medicines (04/08/2009). Retrieved July 22, 2013. Archived July 26, 2013.
2. Berestovitskaya V. M., Tyurenkov I. N., Vasilyeva O. S., Perfilova V. N., Ostroglyadov E. S., Bagmetova V. V. Racetams: methods of synthesis and biological activity. Monograph. - St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2021. - 287 p. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28428421
3. Turagam MK, Flaker GC, Velagapudi P, Vadali S, Alpert MA
   Atrial Fibrillation In Athletes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Evaluation and Management. (English) // Journal Of Atrial Fibrillation. — 2015. — December (vol. 8, no. 4). — P. 1309—1309. - doi:10.4022/jafib.1309. — PMID 27957228. []
4. World Anti-doping Agency.
   Prohibited list. — January 2021. — P. 6.
5. Doping and athlete's nutrition: the educational and methodical manual / comp. : EL Mikhalyuk, IV Tkalich, OO Cherepok. — Zaporozhye: Zaporozhye State Medical University, 2021. — P. 12. — 77 p.
6. ↑ 1 2
   Phenotropil
   (undefined)
   .
   Register of medicines
   . ReLeS.ru (07/11/2006). Access date: February 29, 2012. Archived June 2, 2012.
7. RESOLUTION of the Meeting of the Presidium of the Formal Committee of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences on March 16, 2007, RAMS
8. S. Kim, JH Park, SW Myung, DS Lho.
   Determination of carphedon in human urine by solid-phase microextraction using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection // The Analyst. - November 1999. - T. 124, issue. 11. - pp. 1559–1562. — ISSN 0003-2654.
9. 4-phenylpiracetam (carphedon) // S6. Stimulants (undefined)
   .
   Substances and Methods Prohibited In-Competition
   . WADA (2011). Access date: July 10, 2011. Archived June 2, 2012.
10. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2021 No. 2406-r
11. Recommended International Nonproprietary Names (undefined)
    .
    WHO Drug Information Vol.
    24, No. 1 - p. 56 (2010). Access date: February 29, 2012. Archived June 2, 2012.
12. Valenta Pharm has stopped producing Phenotropil (unspecified)
    . vademec.ru. Date accessed: August 1, 2021.
13. A message for all interested parties regarding the drug Phenotropil® (unspecified)
    . www.valentapharm.com. Date accessed: August 1, 2021.
14. (undefined)
    appeared on sale .
    vademec.ru
    . Date accessed: November 19, 2021.
15. Zvejniece L., Svalbe B., Veinberg G. et al.
    Investigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil // Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. - 2011. - T. 109, No. 5. - P. 407−412.
16. Kovalev G.I., Akhapkina V.I., Abaimov D.A. et al.
    Phenotropil as a receptor modulator of synaptic neurotransmission // Nervous diseases. - 2007. - No. 4. - P. 22−26.
17. Koval'chuk VV, Skoromets AA, Koval'chuk IV and others.
    Efficacy of phenotropil in the rehabilitation of stroke patients = Effect of phenotropil on the degree of recovery of patients after a stroke // Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova. - 2010. - T. 110, No. 12. - P. 38−40.
18. ↑ 1 2 Chebotareva L.L., Muravsky A.V., Solonovich A.S.
    The effectiveness of the drug Entrop in the treatment of asthenia in patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury // International Neurological Journal. — 2021. — Issue. 7 (85). — ISSN 2224-0713.
19. G. A. Gorodnik, I. A. Andronova, M. A. Andronova, K. G. Gorodnik, Yu. S. Kharlamova, V. V. Maystruk.
    [https://dnmu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/materMezhdunarMedForum_3_1_071217.pdf#page=50 Correction of glutamate excitotoxicity in patients with severe traumatic brain injury] (Russian) // Donetsk National Medical University. M. Gorky. — 2021. — October (vol. 1, no. 3). — P. 48-52. — ISSN 1819-0446.
20. Velichko V.I. et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy using the drugs Vasonat and Entrop in patients with chronic toxic liver damage // Family Medicine. — 2021. — No. 5. - pp. 98-103.