Antibiotics prescribed for infectious diseases

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: TOP 20 best

The list of broad-spectrum antibiotics includes drugs from different groups. Drugs from a number of fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, glycopeptides and from the phosphoric acid group have particularly high activity.

Below you can familiarize yourself with the characteristics of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics and methods of their use. Antibiotics are prescribed by the attending physician taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen based on laboratory data. In some cases, urgent prescription of antibacterial agents is necessary, then the choice falls on broad-spectrum antibiotics.

With long-term treatment, bacterial resistance to antibiotics may develop; in this situation, it is necessary to change drugs to others or use a complex of several drugs. The duration of antibiotic therapy is determined by the severity of the disease, the presence of complications and concomitant pathologies. Doses of modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are selected by the attending physician individually, taking into account the patient’s age and possible contraindications.

How do new generation antibiotics work?

Unlike drugs from the antiseptic group, the antibiotic has a proper therapeutic effect not only after external application, but also acts systemically after oral, intravenous, and intramuscular use.

New generation antibiotics are capable of:

1. Affect the synthesis of cell walls by disrupting the production of vital peptide complexes.
2. Impair the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
3. Disturb the synthesis of protein necessary for the growth and functioning of the pathogenic pathogen.
4. Suppress nucleic acid synthesis.

Based on the nature of their effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:

1. Bactericidal - the pathogen will die and will then be eliminated from the body.
2. Bacteriostatic - the active component does not kill bacteria, but disrupts their ability to reproduce.

It is important to determine how active the active substance of the drug is in relation to a particular pathogen of the pathological process. To do this, you need to undergo a series of laboratory tests prescribed by your doctor.

Antibiotics of the 21st century

In the first part of the article, we talked about the main myths associated with antibiotics and described in detail the penicillin group, and now let’s move on to the next generation of antibiotics.

CEPHALOSPORINS

Microbes often act, if not wisely, then quite logically.

If they are threatened by penicillin antibiotics, the microbes begin to destroy penicillins (if only we could do this - something is bothering us, but we do it! - and wipe them off the face of the earth).

The weak link of penicillins is the so-called beta-lactam ring (you will often see this term in the description of drugs, so it is better to remember it). It is this beta-lactam ring that microbes have learned to break. And the tool for breaking is special enzymes, beta-lactamases.

So, in short, antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are the same penicillins, which work in exactly the same way, but they are not afraid of beta-lactamases. This means that they can deal with microbes that the same ampicillin or even amoxicillin with clavulanic acid cannot cope with.

The “arms race” between microbes and pharmacists over time gave rise to the second, third, and then fourth generations of cephalosporin antibiotics (when pronouncing some of the names of these drugs, even doctors are scared, immediately imagining what flora these antibiotics are intended against).

WHEN DOCTORS PRESCRIBE CEPHALOSPORINS

If you are allergic to regular penicillins.

Of course, the chemical structure of penicillins and cephalosporins is similar, but the chance that the patient will not have an allergic reaction to cephalosporins is still very high; If penicillin antibiotics do not treat the infection. This often happens if a patient becomes infected with some kind of staphylococcus or streptococcus already in the hospital: the microbes there are already poisoned by anything, and therefore are especially resistant to tablets from a regular pharmacy.

Microbes, unfortunately, learn quickly and evolve quickly. This is understandable: they only need 20 minutes to change generations.

And yet, doctors always recommend starting treatment with antibiotics from the penicillin group, so as not to breed antibiotic-resistant flora.

ANTIBIOTICS OF THE MACROLIDE GROUP

Penicillin revolutionized the treatment of infections. But very soon it turned out that he was capable of killing too. Here and there, patients began to die from anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin (remember - there are allergic reactions to penicillin?).

What could the scientists do? Just develop new antibiotics.

Penicillin began to be widely used in 1943 (in the USA and USSR, and almost simultaneously). And already in 1949, Alberto Aguilar in the Philippines discovered a new (after the green mold from which penicillin was isolated) special fungus that suppresses the growth of bacteria.

In the USA, a year later, another scientist, McGuire, isolated a new antibiotic from it - erythromycin (for some reason Wikipedia persistently writes that Eli Lilly isolated it, but this is not so - McGuire simply worked for him).

Erythromycin still works: it turned out that bacteria can adapt to it much less well than to penicillin.

WHAT CAN MACROLIDES DO?

Firstly, bacteria actually adapt to macrolides much more slowly than to penicillins.

But they also adapt. That is why erythromycin has now grown into a huge family of “younger brothers” - semisynthetic macrolides and azalides, which some pharmacists classify into another separate group - the fourth and last group of antibiotics used in pediatrics.

Secondly, macrolides do not kill bacteria - they deprive them of the ability to reproduce, as a result of which bacterial cells, without causing harm to humans, very quickly die by natural causes or become victims of the immune system.

Thirdly, macrolides can penetrate inside cells and overtake the bacteria that love to settle there - chlamydia and mycoplasma.

Chlamydia and mycoplasma do not have a cell wall, due to which they are invulnerable to penicillins (penicillins kill only bacteria that have a cell wall. If there is no cell wall, the task is to strangle Kolobok - it seems that you need it by the neck, but it simply isn’t there). But for macrolides, the absence of a cell wall is not an obstacle: chlamydia and mycoplasmas die upon contact with macrolides, although not so quickly.

WHEN DO DOCTORS PRESCRIBE MACROLIDES?

- the patient is allergic to penicillins;

Rules for prescribing antibiotics

In order for antibiotics to be as effective as possible and not give serious side effects, when selecting and prescribing them, it is necessary to take into account the form of the disease and its severity, as well as determine the cause of the pathology (ideally, using culture results, find out which microbe caused the inflammation).

In addition, it is important to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to certain antibiotics that are planned to be used. Naturally, this is difficult to do in pediatric practice, and there are conditions in which a delay of several days, which is spent on performing cultures and determining sensitivity to antibiotics, can become fatal.

These include acute otitis media, tonsillitis or pneumonia, pyelonephritis and some other conditions. In these cases, antimicrobial therapy is prescribed immediately, based on clinical recommendations and treatment protocols that have been developed over years of treatment. If necessary, therapy is adjusted based on culture results already during treatment, if it is ineffective.

Diseases and spectrum of action of antibiotics

Back in the late 19th century, bacteriologist Hans Gram discovered that different bacteria react differently to staining. Some acquire a pronounced color, while others, on the contrary, quickly discolor. This simple experience was of great importance from a practical point of view. After all, different reactions to the dye spoke about the properties of the bacterial cell wall. This means that it suggested exactly how antibiotics should act on the microorganism.

Since then, there has been a basic division into gram-negative (non-staining) and gram-positive (staining) bacteria.

1. Gram (+) is the causative agent of most infections of the respiratory tract, nasopharynx, ear, and eye. These include, in particular, staphylococci and streptococci.
2. Gram (-) - Bacteria in this group can cause serious illness. These are Escherichia coli, Koch bacillus, salmonella, shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), gonococcus, meningococcus.

The spectrum of action of antibiotics is determined by which bacteria are sensitive to a particular drug. And if narrow-spectrum antibiotics more often act on either Gram (+) or Gram (-), then a wide spectrum allows them to affect both.

Basics of therapy for infectious diseases

Each group of antibiotics has a different spectrum of action - the ability to destroy one or another type of bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics can be broad or narrow spectrum, or with an effect on certain pathogens.

For example, benzylpenicillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, and ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. But this does not mean that benzylpenicillin is worse. If the pathogen is known, the antibiotic should be used with as narrow a spectrum as possible so as not to destroy the normal human microflora.

When the causative agent is unknown, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used, hoping to cover as many potential pathogens as possible.

Antibiotics also differ in their ability to distribute in tissues. For example, penicillins and cephalosporins are highly effective against infections of the respiratory system and soft tissue, and tetracyclines penetrate well into bone tissue and are used to treat infections of bone tissue.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: list of drugs

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are universal bactericidal drugs that will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for the treatment of various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a fast-growing and dangerous virus.

The list of modern antibiotics is presented in the table below:

Also, such drugs may be indicated as prophylaxis after major surgical interventions. Remember that not all cheap drugs are so bad.

Classification of antibiotics

There are many different classifications of antibiotics. The most common classification is based on their chemical structure.

Practitioners can alternate antibiotics with different chemical structures in the same patient to prevent pathogenic bacteria from developing resistance to the antibiotic. This resistance, when the antibiotic no longer works, is called resistance.

• Penicillins (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin)
• Cephalosporins (cefazolin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, ceftazidime, cefpirome, etc.)
• Macrolides and azalides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, josamycin)
• Carbapenems and monobactams (imipenem, meropenem, aztreonam)
• Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline)
• Amnoglycosides (streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin, netilmecin)
• Chloramphenicols (chloramphenicol, syntomycin)
• Lincosamides (lincomycin)
• Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)
• Other antibiotics (rifampicin, polymyxin, fusidine, gramicidin)

Synthetic antibacterial agents

• Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, etc.)
• Sulfonamides (streptocide, sodium sulfacyl, sulfamethoxazole, etc.)
• Nitrofurans (nifuratel, nifuroxazide, furacillin, etc.)
• Hydroxyquinolines (nitroxoline)

Cephalosporins

Active against staphylococcal infections, as well as Proteus, Klebsiella, E. coli, pathogens of sore throat and pneumonia, urinary tract diseases, osteomyelitis, meningitis.

Antibiotics in this group include:

Parenteral 3rd generation:

Parenteral 3rd generation:

5th generation (parenteral):

Macrolides

Macrolides tend to accumulate in tissues, and not in blood serum, like other groups. They are used in the treatment of bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia as a monomedicine (in case of intolerance to penicillins), pathologies of the ENT organs (pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis, laryngitis and others) and sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, benorrhea).

Antibiotics in this group include:

14-member:

15-member:

16-member:

Aminoglycosides

The first generation is used in the treatment of plague and tuberculosis only in combination with tetracycline. Third and fourth for tuberculosis, sepsis, severe hospital infections such as pneumonia.

Antibiotics in this group include:

1st generation:

2nd generation:

3rd generation:

Carbapenems

As a rule, we encounter carbapenems extremely rarely or not at all. And this is wonderful - after all, these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections that threaten life. The spectrum of action of carabapenems includes most existing pathological strains, including resistant ones.

Antibiotics in this group include:

Penicillins

With the discovery of an antibiotic of this particular group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes could be defeated. Despite its venerable age, benzylpenicillin is still used today, and in some cases it is a first-line drug. However, broad-spectrum agents include other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into several groups.

Fluoroquinolones

Probably, no doctor can imagine his medical practice without fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The first synthesized representatives of this group were distinguished by a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmaceuticals, new generations of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents were discovered and the spectrum of their activity expanded.

Antibiotics in this group include:

Features of application

In all cases where it is possible, it is necessary to identify the pathogen and prescribe an antibiotic with as narrow a spectrum of action as possible.

In all cases where it is possible to refuse antibiotic therapy, it should be abandoned. Drugs of this group are prescribed when there is a threat to life or health, or when the infectious process is prolonged and there is a threat of it becoming chronic.

The duration of the course of antibiotic therapy is determined by the doctor and depends on the type of pathogen and the severity of the infectious process, but should be at least five days. The course of treatment may be shorter in cases where the antibiotic is removed from the body for a long time. For example, azithromycin, after taking it for three days, remains in the body in a therapeutic concentration for another 2-3 days. If you do not follow the rule of at least five days of therapy, this may lead to the formation of resistance in microorganisms and it is possible that not only this antibiotic, but the entire group of this antibiotic will no longer be effective against this pathogen.

You should always remember that antibiotics are prescription drugs and are prescribed by a doctor.

Antibiotics for sore throat, bronchitis and cough

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract are among the most common in clinical practice. Both children and adults are susceptible to diseases such as tonsillitis and bronchitis. Sometimes these pathological conditions can be caused by viruses, but often a bacterial infection is also associated. In this case, it is necessary to use antibacterial drugs (antibiotics). It should be recalled that antibiotic therapy should be carried out only after a complete examination of the patient, diagnosis and testing of the sensitivity of the flora to a particular antibiotic.

The following medications may be prescribed to treat these diseases:

The addition of a bacterial infection may be indicated by a sharp increase in body temperature, an increase in signs of general intoxication (weakness, headache and muscle pain, dizziness), cough with the discharge of purulent sputum.

Do I need to take an antibiotic for ARVI?

Antibiotics are NOT prescribed for the treatment of ARVI, as they are ineffective against viruses. However, if colds and flu are treated incorrectly, a bacterial infection can join the virus and cause complications (sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, etc.). In this case, taking antibiotics will become necessary. However, the doctor will not prescribe antibiotics in advance to prevent complications, since there is a risk of the addition of other microorganisms, and there will be a need to take another antibiotic.

Principles for selecting the best antibiotics for children

In order for antibiotics to be as effective, safe and free of side effects as possible, it is important to follow certain principles and rules when prescribing them.

Then the antibiotics selected by the doctor will be the best in treating the pathology:

• antibiotics are prescribed only for a proven microbial infection or with a high chance of its development, for complicated forms of pathologies, when the risks of adverse outcomes of the disease are high
• drugs are selected according to the most likely pathogens in a given region and for a given age, based on their resistance to certain drugs
• it is important to take into account previous episodes of antibiotic treatment, if they were carried out in the previous three months, to exclude carriage of resistant strains
• When prescribing drugs in outpatient practice, only oral forms are applicable; injections are prescribed only for special indications.

Drugs that have potentially toxic effects are prohibited for home treatment - a group of aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone drugs and biseptol. When selecting antibiotics for complex clinical situations, it is also important to take into account age restrictions - for example, for tetracyclines, which are permissible only from 12 years of age, since earlier periods of their use threaten serious health consequences.

Possible complications

Despite all the benefits that a broad spectrum of antibiotics provides, such medications cannot be considered a panacea. Their uncontrolled use can affect health.

In particular, the following complications arise:

1. According to some data, children who took broad-spectrum antibiotics in the first year of life are more susceptible to developing asthma.
2. Improper use of antibiotics can lead to decreased sensitivity to drugs. This is often observed in people who did not complete the full course of therapy, but stopped treatment before the period specified by the doctor. In this case, the antibiotic managed to kill only weak and sensitive bacteria. The remaining ones begin to multiply, cause a new round of disease, but can no longer be treated with the original antibiotic.
3. Long-term use of some drugs leads to serious complications. Penicillins can have a toxic effect on the central nervous system, and streptomycin can damage the auditory nerve.
4. Destruction of beneficial microflora and subsequent problems with the gastrointestinal tract. Broad-spectrum antibiotics destroy all bacteria, including those we need. Therefore, probiotics or prebiotics are often prescribed along with them, which help maintain normal intestinal health.

Therefore, the universal spectrum of action of antibiotics is not at all a reason to treat them yourself. Only a doctor can select the appropriate drug, prescribe doses, and prescribe the duration of the course. And, of course, it is the specialist who determines the advisability of taking antibiotics as such.

pharmachologic effect

Despite the fact that a person takes an antibiotic orally or injects it, the target of the drug is not the person, but the microorganism that caused the disease. By attacking a bacterium, an antibiotic can cause its death or stop the bacterial cell from dividing. The type of action on a microorganism that leads to the death of the bacterium is called bactericidal, the type of action in which the bacterium loses the ability to divide is called bacteriostatic.

The fact is that the life cycle of a bacterium is only a few hours, after which it dies. If the ability of its division is stopped by an antibiotic, it dies a natural death within a few hours without producing offspring. Antibiotics generally have no effect on viruses, with a few exceptions.

Bottom line

Antibiotics are powerful substances of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin that help suppress the growth and activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

Broad-spectrum drugs are effective against most bacteria at the same time, and their new generation causes minimal harm to the body.

The selection of a suitable drug depends first of all on the diagnosis, then on its mechanism of action, the degree of toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties. Independent selection and use of antibacterial drugs is dangerous and unacceptable.

Main groups of antibiotics

Antibiotics are a group of natural or semi-synthetic organic substances that can destroy microbes or suppress their reproduction. At the moment, many different types of antibiotics are known, endowed with different properties. Knowledge of these properties is the basis for proper antibiotic treatment. The individual qualities and effects of an antibiotic mainly depend on its chemical structure. In this article we will talk about the most well-known groups of antibiotics, show the mechanism of their work, their spectrum of action, and the possibility of using them to treat various infections.

Groups of antibiotics Antibiotics are substances of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Antibiotics are obtained by extracting them from colonies of fungi, bacteria, plant or animal tissues. In some cases, the original molecule is subjected to additional chemical modifications in order to improve certain properties of the antibiotic (semi-synthetic antibiotics).

At the moment, there are a huge number of different antibiotics. True, only a few of them are used in medicine; others, due to increased toxicity, cannot be used to treat infectious diseases in humans. The extreme diversity of antibiotics led to the creation of a classification and division of antibiotics into groups. At the same time, antibiotics with a similar chemical structure (derived from the same raw material molecule) and action are collected within the group.

Below we will look at the main groups of antibiotics known today: Beta-lactam antibiotics The group of beta-lactam antibiotics includes two large subgroups of the most famous antibiotics: penicillins and cephalosporins, which have a similar chemical structure.

Penicillin group . Penicillins are obtained from colonies of the mold Penicillium, hence the name of this group of antibiotics. The main effect of penicillins is associated with their ability to inhibit the formation of the cell wall of bacteria and thereby suppress their growth and reproduction. During the period of active reproduction, many types of bacteria are very sensitive to penicillin and therefore the effect of penicillins is bactericidal.

An important and useful property of penicillins is their ability to penetrate into the cells of our body. This property of penicillins makes it possible to treat infectious diseases, the causative agent of which is “hidden” inside the cells of our body (for example, gonorrhea). Antibiotics from the penicillin group have increased selectivity and therefore have virtually no effect on the body of the person receiving treatment.

The disadvantages of penicillins include their rapid elimination from the body and the development of bacterial resistance to this class of antibiotics.

Biosynthetic penicillins are obtained directly from mold colonies. The most well-known biosynthetic penicillins are benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. These antibiotics are used to treat tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, wound infections, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

Semi-synthetic penicillins are obtained on the basis of biosynthetic penicillins by adding various chemical groups. At the moment, there are a large number of semi-synthetic penicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, azlocillin.

An important advantage of some antibiotics from the group of semisynthetic penicillins is their activity against penicillin-resistant bacteria (bacteria that destroy biosynthetic penicillins). Thanks to this, semisynthetic penicillins have a wider spectrum of action and therefore can be used in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.

The main adverse reactions associated with the use of penicillins are allergic in nature and are sometimes the reason for refusing to use these drugs.

Group of cephalosporins . Cephalosporins also belong to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics and have a structure similar to that of penicillins. For this reason, some of the side effects of the two groups of antibiotics are the same (allergy).

Cephalosporins are highly active against a wide range of different microbes and are therefore used in the treatment of many infectious diseases. An important advantage of antibiotics from the cephalosporin group is their activity against microbes resistant to penicillin (penicillin-resistant bacteria).

There are several generations of cephalosporins: I generation cephalosporins (Cefalothin, Cephalexin, Cefazolin) are active against a large number of bacteria and are used to treat various infections of the respiratory tract, urinary system, and to prevent postoperative complications. Antibiotics of this group are usually well tolerated and do not cause serious adverse reactions.

II generation cephalosporins (Cefomandol, Cefuroxime) are highly active against bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore can be used to treat various intestinal infections. These antibiotics are also used to treat respiratory and biliary tract infections. The main adverse reactions are associated with allergies and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

III generation cephalosporins (Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone) are new drugs with high activity against a wide range of bacteria. The advantage of these drugs is their activity against bacteria insensitive to the action of other cephalosporins or penicillins and the ability to remain in the body for a long time. These antibiotics are used to treat severe infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. Side effects of this group of antibiotics are associated with disruption of the intestinal microflora or the occurrence of allergic reactions.

Antibiotics from the macrolide group Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a complex cyclic structure. The most well-known representatives of antibiotics from the macrolide group are Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin.

The effect of macrolide antibiotics on bacteria is bacteriostatic - antibiotics block bacterial structures that synthesize proteins, as a result of which microbes lose the ability to reproduce and grow.

Macrolides are active against many bacteria, but the most remarkable property of macrolides, perhaps, is their ability to penetrate into the cells of our body and destroy microbes that do not have a cell wall. These microbes include chlamydia and rickettsia - the causative agents of atypical pneumonia, urogenital chlamydia and other diseases that cannot be treated with other antibiotics.

Another important feature of macrolides is their relative safety and the possibility of long-term treatment, although modern treatment programs using macrolides provide ultra-short courses lasting three days.

The main areas of use of macrolides are the treatment of infections caused by intracellular parasites, the treatment of patients with allergies to penicillins and cephalosporins, the treatment of young children, pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Antibiotics from the tetracycline group The most well-known antibiotics from the tetracycline group are Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Metacycline. The action of antibiotics from the tetracycline group is bacteriostatic. Just like macrolides, tetracyclines are capable of blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells, however, unlike macrolides, tetracyclines have less selectivity and therefore, in large doses or with long-term treatment, can inhibit protein synthesis in the cells of the human body. At the same time, tetracyclines remain indispensable “helpers” in the treatment of many infections. The main areas of use of antibiotics from the tetracycline group are the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections, the treatment of severe infections such as anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, etc.

Despite their relative safety, long-term use of tetracyclines can cause severe side effects: hepatitis, damage to the skeleton and teeth (tetracyclines are contraindicated in children under 14 years of age), developmental defects (contraindicated for use during pregnancy), allergies.

Ointments containing tetracycline are widely used. Used for local treatment of bacterial infections of the skin and mucous membranes.

Antibiotics from the aminoglycoside group Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics, which includes drugs such as Gentamicin, Monomycin, Streptomycin, Neomycin. The spectrum of action of aminoglycosides is extremely wide and even includes tuberculosis pathogens (Streptomycin).

Aminoglycosides are used to treat severe infectious processes associated with massive spread of infection: sepsis (blood poisoning), peritonitis. Aminoglycosides are also used for local treatment of wounds and burns.

The main disadvantage of aminoglycosides is their high toxicity. Antibiotics from this group have nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), hepatotoxicity (liver damage), ototoxicity (can cause deafness). For this reason, aminoglycosides should be used only for life-saving indications, when they are the only treatment option and cannot be replaced by other drugs.

Levomycetin Levomycetin (Chloramphenicol) inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins, and in large doses causes a bactericidal effect. Levomycetin has a wide spectrum of action, but its use is limited due to the risk of serious complications. The greatest danger associated with the use of the antibiotic Chloramphenicol is damage to the bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

Antifungal antibiotics Antifungal antibiotics are a group of chemicals that can destroy the cell membrane of microscopic fungi, causing their death.

The most famous representatives of this group are the antibiotics Nystatin, Natamycin, Levorin. The use of these drugs in our time is noticeably limited due to low efficiency and a high incidence of side effects. Antifungal antibiotics are gradually being replaced by highly effective synthetic antifungal drugs.

Bibliography:

1. I.M. Abdullin Antibiotics in clinical practice, Salamat, 1997
2. Katsunga B.G. Basic and clinical pharmacology, Binom; St. Petersburg: Nev. Dialect, 2000.

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