Anti-TPO (antibodies to microsomal thyroid peroxidase)

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the formation and secretion of thyroid hormones (T3, T4).

They enter the body with food and are also synthesized by cells of adipose tissue, liver, and intestines. They do not circulate freely, but are bound to proteins and transported in the form of macromolecular complexes - lipoproteins. They are the main lipids of fatty deposits and food products. The triglyceride molecule contains triatomic glycerol and 3 residues of higher fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, linoleic and oleic.

It is produced by basophils of the anterior pituitary gland under the control of thyroid-stimulating hypothalamic releasing factor, as well as somatostatin, biogenic amines and thyroid hormones. Increases vascularization of the thyroid gland. Increases the supply of iodine from blood plasma to thyroid cells, stimulates the synthesis of thyroglobulin and the release of T3 and T4 from it, and also directly stimulates the synthesis of these hormones. Enhances lipolysis.

There is an inverse logarithmic relationship between the concentrations of free T4 and TSH in the blood.

TSH is characterized by daily fluctuations in secretion: blood TSH reaches its highest values ​​at 2 - 4 am, the highest level in the blood is also determined at 6 - 8 am, the minimum TSH values ​​occur at 17 - 18 pm. The normal rhythm of secretion is disrupted when awake at night. During pregnancy, the concentration of the hormone increases. With age, the concentration of TSH increases slightly, and the amount of hormone emissions at night decreases.

Limits of determination:

0.0025 mU/l - 100 mU/l.

Development plan

• Support for multimedia content (illustrations, videos)
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• Expanded appearance customization options

  We have started testing the display of elements created by site owners.
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• New opportunities for online stores

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• New blocks and widgets on Turbo pages

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• customizable dynamic forms,
• Apester platform embeds for surveys and quizzes,
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• possibility of fixing the site header,
• Scrolling support when viewing an image gallery,
• “Expand” button to view articles on the desktop,
• “breadcrumbs” to facilitate navigation on the site,
• opportunity to comment on articles.

And new widgets - including Market and Zen widgets
- will increase traffic and expand the site’s audience.

Antibodies to TPO

Autoimmune mechanisms associated with the production of autoantibodies often underlie the development of thyroid diseases. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is a membrane-bound enzyme that is expressed only in thyrocytes. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide on tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin during the synthesis of T3 and T4 and is one of the most important antigens of the thyroid gland. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, TPOAb) are autoantibodies to this enzyme. Until recently, these antibodies were called antimicrosomal (AMA, antibodies to microsomal thyroid peroxidase), since they bound to the microsomal fraction of thyrocytes. Modern research has proven the role of thyroid peroxidase as the main antigenic component of microsomes. For the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, testing the antibody titer to TPO is one of the most sensitive tests. The main factor underlying hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is autoimmune thyroid disease, which usually develops in genetically predisposed people. An increased titer of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and TSH can predict the development of hypothyroidism in the future. Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis have the highest levels of anti-TPO antibodies in a blood test. Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase in this disease are detected in most cases (90%), which confirms its autoimmune origin. In Graves' disease, these antibodies are also often detected (60–80%). There is a clear relationship between the presence of antibodies to TPO and the histological picture of thyroiditis. Although, given the good ability of the thyroid gland to regenerate under the influence of thyroid-stimulating hormone, clinical signs of hypothyroidism may appear years after the onset of a chronic disease. Determining the titer of antibodies to TPO makes it possible to differentiate autoimmune diseases from non-autoimmune goiter or hypothyroidism when diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases. Testing for antibodies to TPO is usually carried out simultaneously with testing for antibodies to TG (thyroglobulin).

In general, the detection of AT-TPO in blood serum indicates autoimmune aggression against the thyroid gland, and the more the test results deviate from the norm, the higher the likelihood of a pathological process.

To improve your appearance

Support for Turbo pages on a wider class of mobile screens - so that your Turbo pages look equally good not only on mobile, but also on tablets.

Transferring html layout directly to RSS. To make it more convenient for you to work with the appearance of Turbo pages, we will add the ability to transfer your own html layout directly to RSS. It will be possible to transfer ready-made blocks of your website to the Turbo page practically without changes and not waste time re-configuring the appearance.

Settings for basic design elements without CSS. And so that you can save time on developing your own CSS, let's add the following features:

• customize color, font, logo and other elements directly in Webmaster,
• quickly enable light and dark themes on your website.

How to properly prepare for research

The test for antibodies to TPO is carried out from venous blood. We recommend:

• donate blood during the period from 8 to 11 am, on an empty stomach, after an 8-12 hour overnight fasting period;
• on the eve of the study - a light dinner with limited intake of fatty foods;
• on the day of the test, drink still water and it is better to avoid coffee and tea;
• 24 hours before the test, exclude alcoholic beverages;
• 1 hour before the test it is better to refrain from smoking;
• 24 hours before the study, exclude the use of medications (in consultation with the attending physician);
• 24 hours before the test, eliminate emotional and physical stress;
• do not donate blood immediately after radiography, ultrasound, massage, endoscopic and physiotherapeutic procedures;
• Rest for 10-20 minutes before donating blood.

To engage the audience

Recommendation widget - a block with personalized content for your audience can be added to the Turbo page. This widget is already available to partners of the Advertising Network - it helps to increase the number of transitions to the site and the depth of views.

Improved automatic recommendation feed. The feed has proven to be an excellent tool for increasing user engagement, and we will continue to improve its effectiveness.

Working with comments - the ability to monitor the list of articles on which the latest comments appeared, as well as turn comments on and off separately for specific articles.

Free thyroxine (free T4)

The most important stimulator of protein synthesis.

Produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland under the control of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). It is the predecessor of T3. By increasing the basal metabolic rate, it increases heat production and oxygen consumption by all tissues of the body, with the exception of the tissues of the brain, spleen and testicles. Increases the body's need for vitamins. Stimulates the synthesis of vitamin A in the liver. Reduces the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, accelerates protein metabolism. Increases calcium excretion in urine, activates bone turnover, but to a greater extent, bone resorption. It has a positive chrono- and inotropic effect on the heart. Stimulates reticular formation and cortical processes in the central nervous system.

During the day, the maximum concentration of thyroxine is determined from 8 to 12 hours, the minimum - from 23 to 3 hours. During the year, maximum T4 values ​​are observed between September and February, and minimum values ​​are observed in the summer. Women have lower thyroxine concentrations than men. During pregnancy, the concentration of thyroxine increases, reaching maximum values ​​in the third trimester. Levels of the hormone in men and women remain relatively constant throughout life, decreasing only after 40 years.

The concentration of free thyroxine, as a rule, remains within the normal range in severe diseases not related to the thyroid gland (the concentration of total T4 may be reduced!).

An increase in T4 levels is facilitated by high serum bilirubin concentrations, obesity, and the use of a tourniquet when drawing blood.

Limits of determination:

5.1 pmol/l - 77.2 pmol/l.

Free triiodothyronine (free T3)

Thyroid hormone stimulates the exchange and absorption of oxygen by tissues (more active than T4).

Produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland under the control of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). In peripheral tissues it is formed during deiodination of T4. Free T3 is the active part of total T3, accounting for 0.2 - 0.5%.

T3 is more active than T4, but is found in the blood in lower concentrations. Increases heat production and oxygen consumption by all body tissues, with the exception of brain tissue, spleen and testicles. Stimulates the synthesis of vitamin A in the liver. Reduces the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, accelerates protein metabolism. Increases calcium excretion in urine, activates bone turnover, but to a greater extent, bone resorption. It has a positive chrono- and inotropic effect on the heart. Stimulates reticular formation and cortical processes in the central nervous system.

By 11–15 years, the concentration of free T3 reaches adult levels. In men and women over 65 years of age, there is a decrease in free T3 in serum and plasma. During pregnancy, T3 decreases from the first to the third trimester. One week after delivery, serum free T3 levels return to normal. Women have lower concentrations of free T3 than men by an average of 5 - 10%. Free T3 is characterized by seasonal fluctuations: the maximum level of free T3 occurs from September to February, the minimum in the summer.

Limits of determination:

1.5 pmol/l - 46.1 pmol/l.