General urine analysis. Standards for general urine analysis. General urine analysis, interpretation. Urine norms in adults, women and men. Urine norm in children.

The mobile Internet audience is growing rapidly

66 million Russian users use it along with desktop, and 20 million already access the Internet only from mobile devices - this is 15% more than a year ago.

Pages on smartphones may load slowly

There are several reasons: an unstable network connection, low Internet speed, or the site is not adapted for mobile devices. If you have to wait too long, users will move to other sites.

We offer users Turbo technology

It significantly speeds up the loading of text, images and videos on smartphones and helps save time and megabytes of mobile Internet.

Monetization

Yandex Advertising Network

RTB blocks can display ads from tens of thousands of Yandex advertisers. It is convenient to manage blocks from the partner interface: among them is the popular and profitable Motion.

Direct advertising sales

Manage direct advertiser campaigns through ADFOX or other services.

Business model combinations

Using ADFOX, you can transfer impressions that were not purchased by direct advertisers to YAN, as well as compare the rates of all monetizers in Dynamic monetization.

Transparency (turbidity)

Normal urine is clear. Cloudiness of urine can be the result of the presence of red blood cells, leukocytes, epithelium, bacteria, fat droplets, precipitation of salts, pH, mucus, urine storage temperature (low temperature promotes the precipitation of salts).

In cases where the urine is cloudy, you should find out whether it is immediately cloudy, or whether this cloudiness occurs some time after standing.

Development plan

• Support for multimedia content (illustrations, videos)
• Support for third party ad networks via ADFOX
• Support for third-party analytics counters (Google Analytics, Mail.Ru, Rambler Top 100, Mediascope)
• Speed ​​up loading Turbo pages by 4 times

• Tables, lists, quotes
• Image and photo galleries
• Displaying comments
• Embed codes for content from YouTube, Vimeo, Instagram, Twitter
• “Endless” feed (block “You may be interested in”)
• Site navigation
• Share button
• Additional advertising spaces
• Advanced analytics capabilities
• Ad rendering speed

• API for publishing content
• Call button, chats and feedback forms
• Support for content embed codes from VKontakte and Odnoklassniki
• Design customization in CSS
• Supports GIF animation and video players
• Editor for debugging Turbo pages

• Rating block
• Media content gallery with slider
• Quickly view a larger image by clicking
• Content block and anchor links
• Sidebar – new menu block
• Additional design types for the “You may be interested in” block
• Support for embedded content from Yandex.Maps and Yandex.Music
• Search form - on your website or with sending a request to search engines
• Impressions of new pages in Turbo format when following links from Turbo pages
• Product cards for online stores
• More statistics in Metrica and the ability to use goals

• Video in Turbo
• New page types
• Poll block
• Advertising optimization - new formats
• The ability to place a product on Turbo pages in one click so that the user does not leave the accelerated version of the store
• Custom blocks
• Authorization
• Possibility to leave a comment
• Advanced features of Metrica
• Feedback from webmasters

• Expanded appearance customization options

  We have started testing the display of elements created by site owners.
  For example, Turbo pages can have complex interactive components using JavaScript, such as diagrams of the placement of chess pieces or players on the field. But there should be more tools that allow you to flexibly customize Turbo pages - and we, of course, will continue to add them. Please tell us what kind of customization is required for the Turbo pages of your website - leave your contacts in this form, and a specialist from the development team will contact you to clarify the details.

• New opportunities for online stores

  Online payment and shopping cart will appear in the e-commerce arsenal. Moreover, in the Turbo version of the store you will be able to make purchases directly from the list of products, and after going to the cart, select delivery options. We will add the ability to pre-fill fields (for example, name or contacts) to the order form - if the site visitor is authorized in his Yandex account. It will become more convenient and easier for users to interact with the Turbo version of the store - there will be fewer failures and more conversions.

• Advanced analytics in Yandex.Metrica

  The Metrics Webvisor tool will help you analyze in detail the behavior of visitors to Turbo pages.
  It records the actions of visitors on the site and shows them in video format - this way you can identify problems in navigation, logic and usability, and as a result, increase site conversion. Metrica will also feature new reports to analyze the effectiveness of the Turbo version of online stores.

• New blocks and widgets on Turbo pages

  By the end of the year, Turbo pages will have:
  a multi-level menu,

• customizable dynamic forms,
• Apester platform embeds for surveys and quizzes,
• cards for grouping content on a page,
• possibility of fixing the site header,
• Scrolling support when viewing an image gallery,
• “Expand” button to view articles on the desktop,
• “breadcrumbs” to facilitate navigation on the site,
• opportunity to comment on articles.

And new widgets - including Market and Zen widgets
- will increase traffic and expand the site’s audience.

Preparation for the procedure

Preparation for a general urine test begins the day before the collection of biomaterial.
Certain foods, the amount of fluid you drink, taking medications and dietary supplements, and intense physical activity can distort the results of the study. The day before collecting urine, you should avoid foods that can affect the color of your urine: for example, beets and blueberries give your urine a reddish tint; consuming large amounts of carrots or carotene supplements may change the color of your urine to orange.

On the eve of urine collection, it is not recommended to drink alcohol, coffee, dietary supplements or strong tea. If possible, you should limit your intake of diuretics (diuretics). It is necessary to exclude serious physical activity, as well as visiting a bathhouse or sauna.

Women during menstruation are not recommended to donate urine for testing, since even a small amount of blood will significantly distort the test result.

You should warn your doctor about the medications you are taking, as well as about invasive examinations (for example, cystoscopy) on the eve of the test.

Method of collecting urine for general analysis

1. It is necessary to prepare in advance a disposable sterile container for collecting urine (can be purchased at a pharmacy or taken from the INVITRO medical office).
2. Before collecting urine, hygienic treatment of the external genitalia should be carried out, without using antibacterial and disinfectants.
   For children, you need to adhere to the following rules: girls are washed from front to back (from the pubis to the tailbone) so that bacteria that populate the intestines do not enter the urinary tract. Only wash the skin with soap, since contact with mucous membranes causes irritation, dryness and itching. In boys, the glans penis is fused with the foreskin (physiological phimosis), so it is not recommended to forcefully open the glans penis, as this leads to trauma to the delicate tissue. You just need to slightly pull the skin and rinse with water, but it is unacceptable to direct a stream of water into the opening of the urethra.
3. For general analysis, as a rule, the first morning urine sample is collected. First, release a small amount of urine into the toilet, then, without interrupting urination, place a container and collect approximately 50 ml of urine. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the container does not touch the skin and mucous membranes.
4. After collecting urine, close the container tightly with a screw cap.
5. Special urinals have been developed for newborns and infants. You should not use urine squeezed out of a diaper or diaper - the results will be unreliable, since the diaper is a kind of filter for microscopic elements of urine, which are counted during the study.
6. When taking the test during the day, it is not recommended to drink large amounts of water, tea, coffee or diuretics to stimulate urination.

The turnaround time for a general urine test is usually 1 business day.

To improve your appearance

Support for Turbo pages on a wider class of mobile screens - so that your Turbo pages look equally good not only on mobile, but also on tablets.

Transferring html layout directly to RSS. To make it more convenient for you to work with the appearance of Turbo pages, we will add the ability to transfer your own html layout directly to RSS. It will be possible to transfer ready-made blocks of your website to the Turbo page practically without changes and not waste time re-configuring the appearance.

Settings for basic design elements without CSS. And so that you can save time on developing your own CSS, let's add the following features:

• customize color, font, logo and other elements directly in Webmaster,
• quickly enable light and dark themes on your website.

Normal urinalysis indicators in an adult

Urine examination consists of determining the following properties and indicators:

1. Organoleptic properties are assessed directly by a laboratory assistant without the use of equipment:
   color – from straw or bright yellow;
2. the smell is specific and unobtrusive;
3. foaminess – when shaking, little foam is formed;
4. transparency is absolute.

1. Physico-chemical qualities are recorded using test strips:
   density – 1.010 – 1.025;
2. acidity (pH) – 5-7.

1. Biochemical indicators are calculated by special analyzers using reagents:
   protein – up to 0.033 g/l;
2. sugar – up to 1.0 mmol/l;
3. bile pigments – bilirubin up to 8.5 µmol/l, urobilinogen up to 35 µmol/l;
4. ketone bodies – up to 0.5 mmol/l;
5. nitrites - no.

1. The quality of urine sediment is assessed using an analyzer or in the traditional way - under a microscope:
   epithelium – up to 3-5 cells per field of view;
2. mucus - no;
3. blood cells - the norm of erythrocytes is up to 2 per p/z, leukocytes up to 5 per p/z;
4. hemoglobin - no;
5. cylinders - no;
6. salt - no;
7. bacteria - no;
8. parasites - no;
9. mushrooms - no.

When faced with a ready-made urine test form, not everyone will be able to understand the abbreviation of its indicators and norms. Below is a table for deciphering urine analysis , which will help you cope with this.

To engage the audience

Recommendation widget - a block with personalized content for your audience can be added to the Turbo page. This widget is already available to partners of the Advertising Network - it helps to increase the number of transitions to the site and the depth of views.

Improved automatic recommendation feed. The feed has proven to be an excellent tool for increasing user engagement, and we will continue to improve its effectiveness.

Working with comments - the ability to monitor the list of articles on which the latest comments appeared, as well as turn comments on and off separately for specific articles.

What may affect the results

Factors that may distort the results of the study:

1. Violation of hygiene procedures and urine collection techniques.
2. Drinking large or small amounts of water.
3. Consuming foods, medications, or dietary supplements that change the color of urine.
4. Menstruation.
5. High blood pressure.
6. Intense physical and psycho-emotional stress on the eve of urine collection.
7. Visiting a bathhouse, sauna, hypothermia.
8. Carrying out invasive procedures on the urinary tract a week before the test.

You can take a general urine test at the nearest INVITRO medical office.
A list of offices where biomaterial is accepted for laboratory research is presented in the “Addresses” section. Urine examination includes the study of physical and chemical properties, as well as microscopy of sediment.

Physical properties: quantity, color, odor, transparency, relative density (specific gravity), urine reaction (pH).

Chemical properties: determination of protein, glucose, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrites, leukocyte esterase.

Microscopy: identification of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of flat, transitional and renal epithelium, cylinders, crystals, mucus, bacteria, fungi.

Specific gravity of urine (g/l)

In a healthy person, it can fluctuate over a fairly wide range throughout the day, which is associated with periodic food intake and loss of fluid through sweat and exhaled air.

Interpretation

The specific gravity of urine depends on the amount of substances dissolved in it: urea, uric acid, creatinine, salts.

• A decrease in the specific gravity of urine (hyposthenuria) to 1005-1010 g/l indicates a decrease in the concentrating ability of the kidneys, an increase in the amount of urine excreted, and drinking plenty of fluids.
• An increase in the specific gravity of urine (hypersthenuria) of more than 1030 g/l is observed with a decrease in the amount of urine excreted, in patients with acute glomerulonephritis, systemic diseases, and cardiovascular failure; it may be associated with the appearance or increase of edema, large loss of fluid (vomiting, diarrhea ), toxicosis of pregnant women.