New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics

An antibiotic (antibacterial drug, antimicrobial agent) is a drug that is effective in treating bacterial infections. Its effect is to directly affect the bacterium, it kills it. Its effect may also be to slow down the proliferation of bacteria, which allows the immune system to cope with it. The high prevalence of infections, a large selection of antibiotics for children, and the unjustified prescription of these drugs for diseases in children and adults have led to threatening consequences for human life—antibiotic resistance. According to the Eurasian recommendations, 25,000 deaths annually in the EU are associated with antibiotic resistance. At the moment, antimicrobial agents are an irreplaceable resource for humanity. Antibacterial resistance can be considered a threat to national security.

Before moving on to the choice of a children's antibiotic, consideration of dosage, duration of use, it is necessary to analyze and explain the main points in the formation of resistance to antibacterial agents. Only after this can one adequately judge the choice and approach to prescribing these medications.

How do broad spectrum antibiotics work?

Broad spectrum antibiotics

- effective antibacterial agents, which can only be used after consultation with a doctor. Such drugs can quickly overcome pathogenic microorganisms, regardless of their type. The advantage of these drugs is that they are equally effective in treating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive organisms often cause infectious diseases. They often cause diseases of the ears, nasopharynx and the entire respiratory system. Such illnesses can be caused by enterococcal or staphylococcal infections, and in rare cases, listeria, clostridia or corynebacteria. Gram-negative organisms are much less common. Most often they cause abnormalities in the functioning of the intestines or genitourinary system. Indications for the use of new generation antibiotics may be:

diagnosis of superinfections - diseases that are caused by several pathogens at once;
long-term ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs.

The main advantage of modern antibiotics of the latest generation is their wide spectrum of action. Now there is no need to accurately determine the type of pathogen; it is enough to identify the clinical picture of the disease.

Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the term for resistance to antibiotics. Who is to blame for this? The main reason is the excessive and uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents. This applies not only to medicine.

Prescribing antibiotics should always be justified.

Causes

Application in medicine. Unjustified prescription on an outpatient basis, in a hospital, self-medication (over-the-counter). The main emphasis is on counteracting the unjustified prescription of antibiotics in primary care (at the outpatient stage). For this purpose, clinical recommendations and algorithms for prescribing antibiotics to children are specially developed and implemented in practical healthcare. Also, through the media, explanations are provided to the population about the need for the judicious use of antimicrobial agents and the dangers of their independent use.
Use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine.
Application in the agricultural industry.

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are universal bactericidal drugs that will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for the treatment of various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a fast-growing and dangerous virus. Such drugs are indicated as prophylaxis after major surgical interventions. Remember that not all cheap drugs are so bad.

Group	A drug	Mechanism of action
Tetracyclines	Doxycycline, Tetracycline	Kills bacteria and has an antiviral effect
Levomycetin	Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin	Antimicrobial, antifungal and antibactericidal
Semi-synthetic penicillins	Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin	Inhibits the synthesis of the pathogen cell wall
Cephalosporins	Ceftriaxone	Changes the activity of a virus that has entered the RNA
Rifampicins	Streptomycin, Amphenicol	Interferes with protein production
Carbapenems	Meropenem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Imipenem	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, prolonged action

Duration of use of antibacterial agents

Parents often ask questions: “How many days are antibiotics given to children? What is the best antibiotic for children? What should I give my child when taking antibiotics? In most cases, 5-7 days of use are sufficient. There are exceptions in which the duration of use may increase to 10–28 days. The second question cannot be answered unambiguously. Each drug has its own indications and contraindications, so the use of a particular drug depends on the situation (age, diagnosis, concomitant pathology, etc.). To the third question, many doctors will answer the same: “Probiotics.” A probiotic will restore normal intestinal microflora that has been affected by an antibacterial agent. As a rule, they are prescribed in a course of 2 weeks to 1 month.

You can always consult your doctor if you have any questions regarding treatment.

According to the Eurasian recommendations, in order to overcome antibiotic resistance, experts emphasize the need to draw the attention of patients to strict adherence to the drug use regimen. It is necessary to use optimal dosage forms of antibiotics with high bioavailability, in particular, Solutab dispersible tablets, which is consistent with the current position of WHO and UNICEF. Advantages of Solutab dispersible tablets:

Completely absorbed in the intestines. As a result, the effect is equal to the intravenous effect.
Create a high concentration at the site of infection.
Better portability.
Good organoleptic properties.
The ability to dissolve tablets, which allows the use of this dosage form in children.
A minimal amount of liquid is required for swallowing.
They have an advantage over a suspension - errors in preparation are eliminated.

Dispersible tablets recommended by WHO and UNICEF:

Flemoxin Solutab
Flemoklav Solutab
Suprax Solutab
Vilprofen Solutab
Unidox Solutab

Parents of children should remember that an incomplete course of prescribed antibiotic treatment leads to the formation of bacterial resistance and a prolonged presence of the microbe in the body.

Modern penicillins

Antibiotics from the penicillin group are drugs based on clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Representatives of the new, 4, 5, 6 generations can be called Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Solutab. They help to quickly cope with any infectious processes, relieve pyelonephritis, dental abscess, otitis media, sinusitis and much more.

Penicillins are effective drugs that help quickly suppress the activity of many infections and viruses.

Such drugs are not recommended for people with sensitivity to penicillins due to possible allergic reactions that cause serious complications in the body.

Typically, penicillin antibiotics are prescribed for the following diseases:

sinusitis;
whooping cough;
otitis;
sore throat;
bronchitis;
pneumonia.

The effect of penicillin antibiotics may develop more slowly. However, they immediately stop the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria in the body. Keep in mind that such medications can be taken no more than once a quarter.

Macrolides

Slightly toxic drugs that have a bactericidal effect on:

gram-positive bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, mycobacteria);
gram-negative bacilli (enterobacteriaceae, Helicobacter pylori, Haemophilus influenzae);
intracellular microorganisms (moraxella, legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydia).

14-member:

Representatives	Tradename	Method of application, price (rub.)
Clarithromycin	Klacid	Tablets: 0.5 g each. twice a day, taken for 2 weeks. 510-800
		Granules for preparing a suspension: to prepare the mixture, pour warm water up to the mark on the bottle, stir, take 2 times a day. 355-450
		Solution for infusion: 0.5 g. twice a day. 650-700
	Fromilid	Tablets: 0.5 g twice a day, taken for 2 weeks. 290-680
	Clarithrosin	Tablets: 0.25 g each. twice a day, taken for 2 weeks. 100-150
Roxithromycin	RoxyHEXAL	Tablets: 0.15 g each. twice a day or 0.3 g. in one dose, course of treatment 10 days. 110-170
	Esparoxy	Tablets: 0.15 g each. twice a day 15 minutes before meals or 0.3 g. once, the course of administration is 10 days. 330-350
	Rulid	Tablets: 0.15 g each. twice a day, course of treatment is 10 days. 1000-1400
Oleandomycin	Oleandomycin phosphate	Powder substance. Practically not used at present. 170-200
Erythromycin	Erythromycin	Tablets: 0.2-0.4 g. four times a day before or after meals, washed down with water, course of administration is 7-10 days. 70-90
		Lyophilisate for preparing a solution for infusion: 0.2 g, diluted with a solvent, 3 times a day. The maximum course of treatment is 2 weeks. 550-590
		Eye ointment: place behind the lower eyelid three times a day, course of use is 14 days. 70-140
		External ointment: apply a small layer to the affected areas of the skin 2-3 times a day. 80-100

15-member:

Representatives	Tradename	Method of application, price (rub.)
Azithromycin	Sumamed	Capsules: 0.5 g each. x 1 time per day before or 2 hours after meals. 450-550
		Powder for oral suspension: add 11 ml of water to the bottle, shake, take 1 time per day before or after meals. 220-570
		Tablets: 0.5 g each. x 1 time per day before or after meals. 250-580
	Azitral	Capsules: 0.25-0.5 g each. x 1 time per day before or after meals. 280-340
	Azitrox	Capsules: 0.25-0.5 g each. x 1 time per day. 280-330
	Azitrox	Powder for oral suspension: add 9.5 ml of water to the bottle, shake, orally 2 times a day. 130-370

16-member:

Representatives	Tradename	Method of application, price (rub.)
Midecamycin	Macropen	Tablets: 0.4 g each. three times a day, course of administration for 2 weeks. 250-340
Josamycin	Vilprafen	Tablets: 0.5 g each. twice a day, without chewing, with water. 530-620
Josamycin	Vilprafen solutab	Tablets: 0.5 g each. x twice a day, without chewing or dissolved in 20 ml of water. 650-750
Spiramycin	Spiramycin-vero	Tablets: 2-3 tablets (3 million IU) in 2-3 doses per day. 220-1750
Spiramycin	Rovamycin	Tablets: 2-3 tablets (3 million IU) or 5-6 tablets (6-9 million IU) for 2-3 doses per day. 1010-1700

Levomycetin is an essential broad-spectrum antibiotic

Levomycetins are popular antibiotics that help quickly cope with infectious processes. The first representatives of this group had a rather meager spectrum of action; they eliminated only a narrow range of pathogenic organisms. With the development of medicine, such drugs have become more and more effective, and their spectrum of action has expanded.

Despite their wide spectrum of action, antibiotics show the greatest effectiveness in the fight against gram-positive bacteria.

Modern chloramphenicol 2, 3 and 4 generations have an extremely broad effect. The most popular drugs are Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin.

With their help, you will be able to quickly overcome:

gram-positive organisms
: staphylococci, streptococci;
gram-negative organisms
: Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Protea, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
into nutricellular pathogens
: mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella.

It should be noted that many drugs are contraindicated for children under 18 years of age. Also, elderly people should take such medications with extreme caution, since the components of the medications can damage the structure of the tendons. Be sure to keep a list of antibiotics from this group.

The best antibiotics for sinusitis

If, during inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, a patient experiences a high temperature and purulent nasal discharge, then a bacterial infection is likely to develop. After examination, doctors prescribe a course of antibiotics in the form of tablets, injections or nasal spray. The need for its use is due to the high risk of infection spreading to the brain. Analysis of test data and user opinions made it possible to identify the 2 best drugs from the 5 nominees.

Flemoklav solutab

The medicine is produced only in the form of tablets that dissolve in the mouth. In terms of the type of active components, the drug is identical to Amoxiclav; it has a bactericidal effect on a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The mechanism of their action, scope of application, contraindications, and the degree of development of side effects are the same.

Advantages

Quick effect of treatment;
Used for infections caused by different types of bacteria;
Large list of indications for use;
Few side effects;
Minimal risk of developing dysbacteriosis.

Flaws

High price;
Prescribed only from 12 years of age.

Patients with sinusitis note a quick solution to the problem of severe inflammation. The number of tablets in a package is usually enough for a course of treatment, which rarely exceeds 7 days. Patients consider the price level to be high compared to other analogues.

Isofra

Inexpensive local antibiotic made in France. The active substance framycetin has bactericidal properties. Affects microorganisms that are resistant to penicillins. The high safety of the antibiotic is due to a small list of contraindications and the development of side effects only when used for more than 10 days. It is produced in the form of a 15 ml nasal spray. Used when there is no damage to the partitions.

Advantages

Shelf life – 36 months;
No significant interactions of the drug with other drugs have been identified;
Overdose is unlikely;
Average price;
Allowed for the treatment of children;
Does not affect the functioning of internal organs.

Flaws

Need to use at least 4-6 times a day;
Pneumococci and streptococci are resistant to the drug.

Most patients leave positive reviews about the medication. Its effectiveness allows you to quickly cure sinusitis in the acute phase and reduce the relapse of the chronic stage. However, it does not help everyone, so if there is no result after 7 days of use, the doctor selects an antibiotic from a different group.

The best remedies for sore throat

Antibiotics Rifampicin

Rifampicin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in pathogenic organisms, resulting in a powerful bactericidal effect. They are most effective against sensitive microorganisms.

The first drug of this group was synthesized in the middle of the last century. Today this drug is actively used to treat tuberculosis.

Rifampicins are a group of antibiotics that can rid a person of the tuberculosis bacillus.

To date, 4 generations of drugs have been developed. They have a wide spectrum of action, are quite safe and do not cause side effects. Such agents help to quickly suppress the activity of Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms. However, they have the greatest activity against streptococci and staphylococci. Each such drug has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account during treatment.

Carbapenems are reserve antibiotics

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group can be called Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also included in this group are Meronem, Meropenem, Syronem. Indications for the use of such drugs are nosocomial infections, such as:

intra-abdominal infections;
abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
complications of urinary tract infections;
sepsis and pelvic infections;
endocarditis;
severe wounds;
joint and bone infections;
infections of soft tissues and skin.
Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be taken into account that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such products if you are allergic or intolerant to the components of the drug, as well as if you are sensitive to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

Top 10 drugs from the pharmacy

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list includes drugs that contain substances active against gram-negative and gram-positive microbes) fight the first group of microorganisms that cause intestinal diseases, inflammation of the respiratory system and the genitourinary system.

And the second group of microorganisms often causes infection of wounds and provokes complications after surgery.

There are a number of antibiotics that are also active against protozoal infection, these include drugs whose active substance is nitroimidazole.

The physician should select an antibiotic after examining the patient and identifying the individual characteristics of the patient. Many drugs have numerous contraindications and often provoke allergies.

Sumamed

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list is headed by a bacteriostatic drug belonging to the group of macrolides-azalides) suppress the protein synthesis of microorganism cells, slowing growth and reproduction. At high dosages it can have a bactericidal effect.

Summamed is active against gram-positive, gram-negative, intracellular, anaerobic and other types of bacteria.

The drug is produced in the form of a white powder intended for the preparation of an infusion solution. The active component is azithromycin dihydrate, which easily penetrates from the blood serum into the body's cells, easily migrates to the site of inflammation, accumulating in tissues affected by infection. The additional components are citric acid and sodium hydroxide.

An antibiotic is prescribed for:

severe form of pneumonia;
inflammation and infectious lesions of the pelvic organs.

The drug is administered only intravenously drip over 3 hours. Cannot be injected in a stream. In severe cases of pneumonia, the drug is prescribed at a dosage of 500 mg once a day for at least 2 days. By decision of a specialist, the course can be extended to 5 days. After intravenous administration, the doctor may recommend oral administration, but this is individual for each patient.

The infusion solution is prepared as follows:

Add 5 ml of water for injection to a vial with a concentration of azithromycin 500 mg, shake well so that the powder is completely dissolved.
Use the solution immediately after preparation.

You can prepare a reconstituted solution using sodium chloride, dextrose or Ringer's solution as a solvent.

Among the undesirable manifestations after treatment with Summed, the following pathologies may be observed: candidiasis, colitis, gastroenteritis, rhinitis, anemia, anorexia, anaphylactic reaction, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, decreased blood pressure, flushing of the face, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, pancreatitis.

Summamed should not be used for therapeutic purposes if:

intolerance to the components included in the composition;
sensitivity to erythromycin;
disorders of the liver and kidneys;
pregnancy and breastfeeding;
children under 18 years of age.

The drug is not prescribed with the simultaneous use of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.

Take the medicine with caution when:

myasthenia gravis;
the presence of proarrhythmogenic factors;
taking antiarrhythmic drugs;
disturbances of water and electrolyte balance;
severe heart pathologies.

You can purchase the medicine at any pharmacy without any doctor’s permission; the average price varies from 300 rubles.

Amoxiclav

This is a combination antibiotic that contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The medicine has bactericidal properties and inhibits protein synthesis of microorganisms.

The drug actively fights gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The additional components are colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium.

The therapist prescribes medicine for the following ailments:

infection of the respiratory system;
ENT infections;
infection of the genitourinary system;
infections affecting the skin and soft tissues.

The medicine is also prescribed for prophylactic purposes during surgery. The doctor selects the dose and duration of therapy depending on the severity of the disease and its location.

For children, the drug is prescribed in the form of syrup, suspension or drops of 30 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The dose is divided into 2 doses per day. The dosage may be increased for serious infections to 45 mg. For adults and adolescents over 12 years of age, the medicine is recommended in tablet form, 500 mg 2 times or 250 mg 3 times. The average duration of therapy is no more than 2 weeks.

During therapy, patients may experience undesirable manifestations: nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, gastritis, leukopenia, thrombocytosis, headache, dizziness, convulsions, allergic reaction.

The drug is not recommended for:

sensitivity to components;
infectious mononucleosis;
liver dysfunction;
phenylketonuria.

Take with caution during pregnancy, lactation, stomach and intestinal diseases, liver failure. The medicine is available in film-coated tablets, in the form of a suspension, syrup, and drops for oral administration. You can purchase the medicine freely for 150 rubles.

Claforan

3rd generation antibiotics (the list is huge) include Claforan, a semi-synthetic drug from the group of cephalosporins. The medicine is created for parenteral use. It has bactericidal properties and is resistant to a large number of β-lactamases. The drug actively fights many pathogens that cause infections and inflammation.

The main component is cefotaxime sodium. Available in the form of a powder intended for the preparation of a solution introduced into the body through a muscle or vein.

Medicine is prescribed for:

infection of the respiratory system;
infections affecting the genitourinary system;
septicemia;
bacteremia;
endocarditis;
meningitis;
infection of the skin and tissue;
infections affecting bones and joints;
prevention in surgery.

The drug is administered by injection or infusion into a vein or muscle in a dose of 0.5-1 g once. The dose may be increased depending on the complexity of the disease. The course and dosage are selected individually.

Prepare the solution as follows: 1 g of powder is diluted with 4 ml of water for injection, and 2 g in 10 ml. If the drug is administered intramuscularly, lidocaine 1% can act as a solvent.

Therapy with the drug can provoke undesirable manifestations, manifested in the form of an allergic reaction, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, worsening urinary flow, neutropenia, arrhythmia, fever, weakness.

The drug is not recommended for people with special sensitivity to cephalosporins, pregnant or lactating women. The medicine is sold freely for 40 rubles.

Cefixime

Antibiotic of the 3rd generation from the list of drugs of the cephalosporin group. The medicine is active in the treatment of infectious pathologies and has bactericidal properties.

The drug stops the reproduction and destroys the vital activity of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The medicine is available in 125 ml bottles, which contains 100 mg of cefixime and 26 g of powder with a pleasant strawberry scent. The drug is also presented in tablet form, 200-400 mg.

The main component of both forms is cefixime, but the additional components differ:

The tablets contain titanium dioxide, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, cellulose, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate;
The solution contains sucrose, silicon dioxide, strawberry flavor, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide.

Medicine is prescribed for infections that affect:

upper and lower respiratory tracts;
ways of excretion of bile and urine;
skin and soft tissues;
ENT organs;
bones;
female reproductive organ.

The drug in tablet form is prescribed for children under 50 kg at 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight 1 time per day. For adolescents and adults over 50 kg, the dosage is 400 mg, divided into 2 doses. Duration of therapy is up to 7 days.

Cefixime suspension for children

A suspension is prepared from the powder; to do this, pour purified water into the bottle to the volume indicated on it, shake well. Therapy in some patients can cause the following manifestations: allergies, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

The medicine is not prescribed if the main substance is intolerant. The drug is not compatible with alcohol-containing drinks. The average cost of two forms of the drug is from 450 rubles.

Avelox

This is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug with bactericidal properties.

The main component of the drug is moxifloxacin, which inhibits bacterial topoisomerases, which ultimately provoke disruption of the processes of replication, repair and DNA biosynthesis of microbial cells, which ultimately provokes the death of bacteria. Additional components include cellulose, magnesium stearate, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium.

The drug is prescribed for infection and inflammatory processes caused by the presence of bacteria sensitive to the main component:

sinusitis;
chronic bronchitis in acute form;
pneumonia;
skin and soft tissues;
intra-abdominal abscesses;
inflammation of the pelvic organs.

The medicine is available in tablet form and is taken orally at a dose of 400 mg once a day, the duration of therapy is no more than 10 days. In some of the most difficult cases, the duration of therapy can be up to 3 weeks.

During therapy, if recommendations are not followed, the following manifestations may occur: nausea, diarrhea, anemia, increased prothrombin in the blood, allergies, anxiety, panic attacks, blurred vision, dizziness, headache.

The medicine is not prescribed for pathologies affecting the tendons, heart problems, lactase intolerance, pregnancy, liver disorders, lactation, children under 18 years of age, intolerance to the components of the composition.

The drug is prescribed with caution to people with ailments that affect the nervous system, liver cirrhosis, and cardiac ischemia. Avelox tablets are sold freely in pharmacies for 1000 rubles.

Cefoperazone

This is an antibiotic from the group of 3rd generation cephalosporins with a broad spectrum of action. The drug inhibits protein synthesis in the cells of pathogenic microorganisms.

Cefoperazone, which acts as the main substance, disrupts the cross-linking of peptidoglycans, which ensures the strength of the cell walls of microorganisms. The medicine is active against aerobic, anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The drug is produced in the form of a powder intended for the preparation of a solution injected into the body into a vein or muscle. An antibiotic is prescribed for infections and inflammation that were caused by the presence of bacteria in the body that are sensitive to cefoperazone.

Such ailments include:

peritonitis;
pneumonia;
cholecystitis;
acute form of bronchitis;
meningitis;
sepsis.

For preventive purposes, the drug is prescribed in surgery.

The drug is administered intravenously at 1-4 g intervals every 12 hours. A specialist may prescribe intramuscular injection of 500 mg once. For children, the drug is administered at a dose of 50-200 mg per 1 kg of body weight, 2 times a day. A maximum of 12 g of the drug can be administered per day.

If you do not comply with the dosage and do not follow the recommendations, the following symptoms may appear: vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, allergic manifestations, anemia, nephritis, candidiasis, discomfort at the injection site.

The medicine is not prescribed for the following pathologies:

severe kidney failure;
carrying a baby;
lactation;
intolerance to cephasporins and other antibiotics belonging to the beta-lactam group.

The drug is freely available in pharmacies, price starts from 120 rubles.

Lincomycin

This new generation antibiotic, part of the lincosamide group, has antibacterial properties against aerobic, anaerobic and gram-positive microorganisms. The drug quickly and easily spreads through the blood into the body tissues. The highest concentration is created in the bones and bile ducts.

The medicine is available in the form of 250 mg capsules and solution for injection. Both forms contain the same active substance – lincomycin.

An antibiotic is prescribed for:

infectious lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts;
otitis;
infection of bone tissue and joints;
infections affecting the skin and soft tissues.

The course of therapy is selected by the doctor depending on the severity of the disease. Capsules are taken one hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, 1 piece. 2-3 times a day, maintaining an interval of at least 8 hours. The daily dosage is no more than 1.5 g for an adult, and for children under 14 years of age no more than 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

Before administering the drug in solution form, it is necessary to do a tolerance test. Adults are administered 600 mg every 8 hours, children 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

Lincomycin in ampoules

If you do not follow the dosage and recommendations of a specialist.

The following undesirable manifestations may occur:

vomiting, flatulence, colitis, stomatitis, itching in the anus;
leukopenia, neuropenia;
allergic reaction;
headache and dizziness;
jaundice;
tachycardia, hypotension;
kidney failure;
vaginitis

Ampoules should not be used by children under 1 month of age, and capsules by children under 6 years of age. The medicine is contraindicated during lactation and pregnancy, meningitis, kidney and liver failure, intolerance to the constituent components.

The drug is freely available, the price of both forms varies from 100 rubles.

Tsedex

This is a new generation antibiotic belonging to the group of cephalosporins, which has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cells. As a result of such exposure, microbial cells lose their ability to reproduce and then quickly die. The medicine quickly and easily destroys gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The main substance is ceftibuten dihydrate, as well as auxiliary components cellulose, magnesium stearate, sodium carboxymethyl starch.

The drug is prescribed for the following ailments:

infections and inflammations that were provoked by the presence of microorganisms sensitive to ceftibuten;
pathologies of the lower and upper respiratory tracts;
infections affecting the genitourinary system of children and adults.

Capsules, which is where the drug is released, should be taken by adults and adolescents from 10 years of age at 200-400 mg per day.

For children under 10 years of age, the dosage is calculated depending on body weight - 4.5-9 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The duration of therapy is determined individually.

If you violate the established dosage and recommendations of a specialist, the following symptoms may appear: allergies, ringing in the ears, headache, cramps, vaginitis, insomnia, anemia, flatulence, neuropenia, candidiasis.

The drug is not prescribed to children under six months of age and to people intolerant to the composition of the drug. Capsules of 400 mg can be purchased without permission at any pharmacy for 1000 rubles.

Suprax

This is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic from the group of cephalosporins and has bactericidal properties. The drug is produced in the form of granules intended for the preparation of a suspension, which, when entering the body, inhibits the synthesis of cells of the causative agent of infection and inflammation, slows down their reproduction and leads to their complete destruction.

The main component of the drug is cefixime trihydrate, as well as additional components: sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum, strawberry flavor.

The drug is prescribed for the following pathologies:

pharyngitis;
tonsillitis;
sinusitis;
bronchitis in acute and chronic form;
otitis;
urinary tract infections;
gonorrhea.

Take a suspension of 400 mg once a day or 200 mg twice a day. The course should not exceed more than 10 days.

For children under 12 years of age, the dosage is calculated as follows: 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight once a day or 4 mg 2 times a day.

If the recommendations for use are not followed, the following symptoms may occur: anorexia, diarrhea, dry mouth, leukopenia, flatulence, dizziness, allergies, nephritis. The drug is not prescribed to patients with special sensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins. The drug can be purchased freely for 300 rubles.

Fortum

This is a new generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal properties. The active substance of the powder intended for the preparation of a solution for injection is ceftazidime, which inhibits the protein synthesis of pathogenic microorganism cells.

The substance slows down and then completely stops the process of bacterial reproduction, which leads to their complete death. The additional components are carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate.

The drug is prescribed in the following cases:

severe infections, including intrauterine ones;
infection of ENT organs;
inflammation and infection of the respiratory tract;
infection of the skin and soft tissues;
infections of the urinary tract;
intestinal and stomach infections;
infection of joints and bone tissue;
infections directly related to the dialysis procedure.

A solution for injection is prepared from the powder and injected into the body through a vein or muscle. The dosage and course are selected individually depending on the severity of the disease. The maximum dose per day is 6 g, the frequency of administration is 2-3 times a day.

Among the undesirable manifestations, the following symptoms are most often observed: oral candidiasis, nausea, diarrhea, colitis, anemia, neutropenia, renal dysfunction, phlebitis and thrombophlebitis, allergic reactions. The drug should not be prescribed if you are particularly sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotics. The medicine is available in the pharmacy for free for 200 rubles.

New generation antibiotics, included in the list of 3rd generation drugs, must be selected by a specialist. Many drugs often cause unwanted effects and are contraindicated for people with serious pathologies.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics

- broad-spectrum drugs.
They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not exposed to the pathogenic influence of beta-lactamase. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy:

listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, E. coli and klebsiella.

The advantage of broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotics over their analogues is their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacteria. It is for this reason that this remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, and ureaplasma. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

Myth. Tetracyclines are traditionally “weak” antibiotics, much less powerful than penicillins

Is it true.

In fact, tetracyclines have a wide range of antibacterial activity, and their modern representatives act against an even larger number of bacteria than their predecessors, including a number of pathogens that are resistant to other classes of antibiotics. Thus, tigecycline, which appeared on the market only in the mid-2000s, was developed as part of a program to combat the growing antibiotic resistance of such “complex” pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [6].

Tetracyclines, including tetracycline and doxycycline, which have been used for decades, are able to penetrate into cells, which is why they are still widely used today to treat intracellular sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis). Indications for their use also include Helicobacter pylori infection - as part of eradication therapy. Due to its effectiveness against Propionibacterium acne

tetracyclines, along with macrolides, are used to treat acne.
Minocycline, whose spectrum includes Neisseria meningitidis
, is used to prevent meningococcal infection [2].

As a fly in the ointment, it should be mentioned that most tetracyclines (with the exception of modern representatives) are characterized by a high level of secondary resistance of many bacteria and, in addition, cross-resistance of microorganisms [3]. And this, undoubtedly, in many cases reduces their relevance.

Broad-spectrum cephalosporins

Cephalosporins

- one of the large groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Such medications help cope with pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, pelvis, skin and soft tissues. The products are also effective in the fight against STDs.

These antibiotics are available in tablet form. The medicine should be taken strictly with meals, and should be washed down with plenty of clean water. For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to your daily routine. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment is not completed after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs in this group are Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are quite inexpensive.

Classification

Antibiotics of the 3rd generation (the list includes drugs presented in the form of tablets, injections, powder, suspension) are divided into types. When classifying, the following is taken into account: the mechanism of action on the human body, the form of release and several other basic properties. In the table below you can find out the features of the latest generation of antibiotics.

Classification	Peculiarities
Release form	Most 3rd generation antibiotics are available in tablet form for oral administration. But if the composition includes components that are poorly absorbed by the intestines, then these drugs are produced in the form of a solution intended for injection into a muscle or vein. In rare cases, antibiotics may be injected into the spinal cord. If the patient has ailments affecting the intestines, then rectal administration is possible.
Mechanism of action	Antibiotics are divided into two types: bacteriostatics and bactericides. The first group is aimed at inhibiting the activity of microorganisms, as a result of which they lose the ability to reproduce; subsequently they activate the immune system, destroying the remains of bacteria. But the second group has a detrimental effect on the internal structure of microorganisms, as a result of which they die. Drugs from the last group act quickly, but also destroy beneficial microflora in the intestines.
Impact spectrum	When treating infectious diseases, specialists prescribe drugs with a broad or narrow spectrum of action. Broad antibiotics are prescribed in cases where the causative agent of the disease cannot be identified, and narrow therapy is prescribed when the causative agent is one and its type is precisely established.

Antibiotics for children

A special group of new generation antibiotics consists of children's drugs

.
They are prescribed only after 3 days of treatment with antiviral drugs have not brought any effect. Remember that only the attending physician can prescribe such medications. Among the safest children's antibiotics of the latest generation are
:

Ampicillin-based drugs
. They are prescribed for the treatment of sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia or pharyngitis. Ampoules and suspensions are most effective.
Susamed Forte
- tablets for the treatment of sinusitis, skin infections, otitis media, pneumonia and bronchitis. Prescribed only to children over 5 years of age.
Flemoxin Solutab
- tablet form, which is suitable for the treatment of children under one year of age. Suitable for the treatment of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, ENT organs, genitourinary system and soft tissues.
Zinnat
- product for children over 3 months. It suppresses the activity of gonococcal infections, relieves bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia and other diseases.
Augmentit
is an antifungal drug that is also effective in combating fungal infections. The dosage is determined depending on the child’s weight.

Children can use many antibiotics, but the dose of the active substance for them should be less than for adults. The advantage is that they are also available as suspensions for internal use and ampoules for intramuscular use.

Indications for antibiotics

A fairly common mistake is the use of antibiotics for diseases that develop as a result of a non-bacterial infection.

Antibiotics should not be used for viral infections.

Among these diseases:

Acute pharyngitis.
Acute laryngotracheitis.
Rhinitis.
SARS, only.
Acute bronchitis. It is permissible to use antibiotics when bronchial constriction develops, as well as when fever lasts more than 5 days.

In these cases, the prescription of antibiotics is not justified, since the cause that led to these diseases is often viruses.

There are also controversial points when both viruses and bacteria can lead to the development of the disease. Such diseases include:

Acute rhinosinusitis.
Acute otitis media.
Acute tonsillitis.

In such cases, an antibiotic is prescribed only after examination and observation by a doctor of the patient.

For viral infections (pharyngitis, rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis), the effectiveness of antibiotics is equal to the placebo effect. It is important to remember that the prescription of antibacterial agents does not prevent the development of bacterial superinfection (that is, the addition of a bacterial infection to an existing viral one). There are no effective remedies against ARVI. The use of antiviral immunostimulating agents common in pharmacy chains often does not have any effect. In this case, the antiviral agent can be considered as ascorbic acid or garlic. In such cases, adequate pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment is prescribed, which allows eliminating and eliminating the symptoms of ARVI. Used: paracetamol, ibuprofen, mucolytics (ambroxol, acetylcysteine, carbocysteine), vasoconstrictor nasal drops for a runny nose, nasal corticosteroid for rhinosinusitis. If there is a disease with a viral or bacterial cause (tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media), then in this case antibacterial therapy delayed by 2-3 days is recommended. Delayed antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections has reduced the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions by 40%.

These statements are of an evidentiary nature and are described in more detail in the training manual “ Rational use of antimicrobial agents in the outpatient practice of doctors , written on the basis and evidence base of the 2021 Eurasian recommendations.