Sodium chloride solution: instructions for use, what it is, inhalation, price

Sodium chloride crystal
Also see the article - table salt

Sodium chloride

or
sodium chloride
(NaCl) - sodium salt of hydrochloric acid. Known in everyday life as table salt, the main component of which is. Sodium chloride is found in significant quantities in sea water. It occurs naturally in the form of the mineral halite (rock salt). Pure sodium chloride appears as colorless crystals, but with various impurities its color can take on a blue, purple, pink, yellow or gray tint.

Compound

The active ingredient of this product is sodium chloride .
The formula for sodium chloride is NaCl, these are white crystals that quickly dissolve in water. Molar mass 58.44 g/mol. OKPD code - 14.40.1. Saline solution (isotonic) is a 0.9% solution, it contains 9 g of sodium chloride, up to 1 liter of distilled water.

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution is a 10% solution, it contains 100 g of sodium chloride, up to 1 liter of distilled water.

Release form

A 0.9% sodium chloride solution is produced, which can be contained in ampoules of 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml. Ampoules are used to dissolve medications for injection.

A solution of sodium chloride 0.9% is also produced in bottles of 100, 200, 400 and 1000 ml. Their use in medicine is practiced for external use, intravenous drips, and enemas.

Sodium chloride solution 10% is contained in bottles of 200 and 400 ml.

For oral administration, tablets of 0.9 g are available.

A nasal spray is also produced in 10 ml bottles.

SODIUM CHLORIDE . Sodium chloridum.

Synonyms: sodium chloride, table salt.

Properties.

White cubic crystals or white crystalline powder, odorless, salty taste, soluble in three parts of water (solubility at 20°C - 36.0; at 100°C - 39.1), slightly soluble in glycerin and methanol. Solutions are sterilized in an autoclave at a temperature of 120°C for 20 minutes.

Release form. For medicinal purposes, industrially produced tablets of 0.9 g or sodium chloride powder are used, from which sterile hypertonic solutions are prepared in distilled water at 5, 10 and 20% concentrations. It is also available in the form of a 0.9% sterile solution in ampoules of 5, 10 ml and bottles of 100, 200, 250, 400 ml.

Store under normal conditions, shelf life is unlimited.

Action and application.

Sodium chloride is the main source of formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. When taken orally, it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; when administered intravenously, hypertonic solutions spread through the bloodstream, exerting a selective effect on organs and tissues, centers of water and salt metabolism.

Excess substances are excreted within 24 hours through the kidneys; the process of excretion of sodium chloride is closely related to the excretion of water and is regulated by hormones of the pituitary gland (antidiuretic hormone) and adrenal glands (aldosterone).

Depending on the concentration of sodium chloride, solutions are distinguished: isotonic (0.9%), hypertonic (1% or more) and hypotonic (less than 0.85%).

Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride have a reflexive and resorptive effect on the body, stimulating receptors in the veins, heart, lungs and abdominal organs; affect water and mineral metabolism, osmotic and acid-base balance, motor and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract, excretory function of the kidneys and the volume of diuresis; exhibit antitoxic effects; activate the body's immunobiological reactions. Their use as a means of pathogenetic and replacement therapy is based on these properties of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions.

The osmotic and diuretic effects of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions determine their antitoxic effect. In this case, there is a rapid replacement of sodium and chlorine and activation of sodium-containing enzymes, such as Na + and K + -adenosine triphosphatase, which are involved in the antitoxic reactions of the body. The complex system of tissue regulation of water-salt metabolism, the so-called sodium-potassium pump, is also stimulated, which promotes rapid rehydration of the body. Dehydration (dehydration), observed in gastrointestinal diseases of young animals of early age, is accompanied by significant losses of water, sodium and chlorine. This leads to life-threatening blood thickening, slowing of blood flow, metabolic disorders, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Restoring the water balance of blood and tissues - rehydration - is possible only with the rapid replacement of lost sodium and chlorine ions, which play an active role in water-salt metabolism. Sodium and chlorine pass actively through cell membranes, water follows them passively. Deficiency of sodium and chlorine is most quickly restored by intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions. Increasing the concentration of the solution to 3-5% increases the sodium chloride content in the interstitial fluid 10-20 times.

Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride, when administered intravenously, increase the reserve alkalinity of the blood, which can be used as a means of alkalizing therapy for acidosis in pregnant cows. Regulation of acid-base balance in pregnant cows simultaneously leads to an increase in the activity of the body's immunobiological reactions (phagocytosis) and natural resistance in newborn calves.

Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride, acting indirectly through parasympathetic endings, increase the formation of acetylcholine and stimulate the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. This is the basis for the use of solutions as a ruminator for atony of the proventriculus in ruminants; they normalize the motility of the proventriculus, so they can be prescribed for convulsive contractions of the rumen and vomiting that accompany some feed poisoning.

Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride are recommended for the following acute and chronic diseases and pathological conditions of animals: atony of the proventriculus, tympany and rumen paresis; poisoning with poisonous plants (white hellebore, buttercups, horsetails, solanine), brewing waste (stillage, spent grain), some pesticides (zinc phosphide, organophosphorus compounds, arsenic preparations, fluorides); medicinal toxicoses (poisoning with nitrofurans); acidosis in pregnant cows; gastrointestinal diseases of young calves (toxic dyspepsia, colibacillosis), accompanied by diarrhea and dehydration.

Hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride are injected intravenously: in large animals and sheep into the jugular vein from a Janet syringe without a piston or a 150-250 ml graduated funnel (solution temperature 35-36 ° C).

For diseases of the proventriculus, adult ruminants are administered a 20% solution of sodium, chloride in a dose of 0.07-0.1 g of dry matter per 1 kg of live weight (optimal dose - 0.08-0.09 g, minimum - 0.07, maximum - 0.1 g); for young cattle (up to 1.5-2 years) - 10% solution at a dose of 0.05-0.06 g of dry matter per 1 kg of weight. For acute atony of the proventriculus, a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is prescribed once; for chronic atony, a course of treatment is carried out, consisting of three to four intravenous infusions of the solution at intervals of 48 hours.

Intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride in traumatic reticulitis can be used for differential diagnosis with primary atony, since in this case there is only a temporary (within 12-24 hours) increase in rumen contractions, the appearance of appetite and chewing gum, but then the condition becomes the same.

In case of poisoning of ruminants, 10-20% solutions of sodium chloride are injected in the same doses as for diseases of the proventriculus; for horses - 10% solution at a dose of 0.05 g of dry matter per 1 kg of live weight. In case of acute poisoning, the solution is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, depending on the condition of the animal; for chronic ones, a course of treatment is carried out, consisting of three to four infusions with an interval of 48 hours. During treatment, animals are provided with free access to water.

In order to normalize the acid-base balance during acidosis in pregnant cows (decrease in acid capacity below 300 mg%) and to prevent dyspepsia in newborn calves, 1-1.5 months before calving, four to five intravenous infusions of 20% sodium chloride solution are administered at a dose of 0. 09-0.1 g of dry matter per 1 kg of live weight at intervals of 7-10 days.

For toxic dyspepsia and colibacillosis, calves accompanied by dehydration are administered intravenously on the first day of treatment with a 5% sodium chloride solution at a dose of 0.4 g of dry matter per 1 kg of weight. After intravenous administration of a hypertonic solution, the calves are given warm, slightly salted water (5-7 g of sodium chloride per 1 liter of water) from a teat in an amount of 2-3 liters. On the first day of treatment, colostrum is completely replaced with hypotonic (0.5-0.7%) or saline solution, drinking it ad libitum during feeding hours; on the second day of treatment, calves are given colostrum diluted with saline (2/3, 1/2 and 1/3), and only on the third day sick calves are transferred to whole colostrum. With a significant decrease in body temperature (below 37°C), calves are injected with a 10% solution in the same dosage (0.4 g per 1 kg of weight).

Intravenous infusion of 5-10% sodium chloride solutions is prescribed to calves once (preferably on the first day of illness); re-introduction of the solution is allowed no earlier than after 24 hours.

Undesirable effects of a 20% sodium chloride solution include irritation when it enters the subcutaneous tissue with the formation of limited infiltrates. In this case, immediately after administering the solution, generously lubricate the injection sites with tincture of iodine.

Hypertonic sodium chloride solutions are contraindicated for traumatic pericarditis in ruminants and table salt poisoning; Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of hypertonic solutions is not allowed.

Pigs, birds, especially chickens have increased sensitivity to table salt.

pharmachologic effect

Sodium chloride is a drug that acts as a rehydrating and detoxifying agent. The medicine is able to compensate for the lack of sodium in the body, subject to the development of various pathologies. Sodium chloride also increases the amount of fluid that circulates in the vessels.

Such properties of the solution are manifested due to the presence of chloride ions and sodium ions . They are able to penetrate the cell membrane using various transport mechanisms, in particular the sodium-potassium pump. Sodium plays an important role in the process of signal transmission in neurons; it is also involved in the metabolic process in the kidneys and in the electrophysiological processes of the human heart.

Pharmacopoeia indicates that sodium chloride maintains constant pressure in the extracellular fluid and blood plasma. In the normal state of the body, a sufficient amount of this compound enters the body with food. But in pathological conditions, in particular, with vomiting , diarrhea , and serious burns, there is an increased release of these elements from the body. As a result, the body experiences a deficiency of chlorine and sodium ions, as a result of which the blood becomes thicker, the functions of the nervous system, blood flow, convulsions, and spasms of smooth muscles are disrupted.

If an isotonic sodium chloride solution is promptly introduced into the blood, its use helps restore the water-salt balance . But since the osmotic pressure of the solution is similar to the pressure of blood plasma, it does not stay in the vascular bed for a long time. After administration, it is quickly eliminated from the body. As a result, after 1 hour, no more than half of the injected amount of solution is retained in the vessels. Therefore, in case of blood loss, the solution is not effective enough.

The product also has plasma-substituting and detoxifying properties.

When a hypertonic solution is administered intravenously, an increase in diuresis , replenishing the deficiency of chlorine and sodium in the body.

Uses

In addition to common household uses of salt, the most common uses, producing approximately 250 million tons per year (2008 data), are chemicals and deicing.[8]

Chemical production

Salt is used directly or indirectly in the production of many chemicals, which account for the majority of global production.[9]

Chlor-alkali industry

Calcined industry

Sodium chloride is used in the Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. Sodium carbonate, in turn, is used to make glass, sodium bicarbonate, and dyes, as well as a variety of other chemicals. In the Mannheim Process and in the Hargreaves Process, sodium chloride is used to produce sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.

Standard

Sodium chloride has an international standard created by ASTM International. The standard is named ASTM E534-13

and are standard test methods for the chemical analysis of sodium chloride. These listed methods provide procedures for analyzing sodium chloride to determine whether it is suitable for its intended use and application.

Miscellaneous industrial uses

Sodium chloride is widely used, so even relatively small applications can consume huge quantities. In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids used to drill wells. It is used to flocculate and increase the density of drilling fluid to overcome high gas pressure in the well. Whenever a drilling rig encounters a salt formation, salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution to minimize dissolution into the salt formation.[8] Salt is also used to increase the hardness of concrete in cemented shells.[9]

In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a rinse aid to separate organic contaminants, to speed up the "salting out" of precipitated dyes, and to mix with concentrated dyes for standardization.[ clarification needed

] their. One of its main functions is to provide a positive ion charge that promotes the absorption of negatively charged dye ions.[9]

It is also used in the processing of aluminum, beryllium, copper, steel and vanadium. In the pulp and paper industry, salt is used to bleach wood pulp. It is also used to make sodium chlorate, which is added along with sulfuric acid and water to produce chlorine dioxide, an excellent oxygen-based bleaching chemical. The chlorine dioxide process, which originated in Germany after World War I, has become increasingly popular due to environmental pressure to reduce or eliminate chlorinated bleach compounds. When tanning and processing leather, salt is added to animals. hides to suppress microbial activity on the underside of the hide and to draw moisture back into the hides.[9]

In rubber production, salt is used for buna, neoprene and white rubber types. Saline and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate emulsified chlorinated butadiene latex.[9][8]

Salt is also added to protect the soil and provide strength to the foundation on which roads are built. Salt minimizes the effects of ground movement caused by changes in moisture and traffic loads.[9]

Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant due to its hygroscopic properties, making pickling an effective method of food preservation historically; salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure, preventing it from reproducing, a major source of food spoilage. Although more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for human ingestion.

Water softening

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions, which inhibit the action of soap and promote the formation of scale or a film of alkaline mineral deposits on household and industrial equipment and pipes. Commercial and residential water softeners use ion exchange resins to remove harmful ions that cause hardness. These resins are produced and regenerated using sodium chloride.[9][8]

Road salt

Phase diagram of the water – NaCl mixture.
The second important use of salt is for deicing and de-icing roads, such as in garbage cans and distributed to winter service vehicles. In anticipation of snowfall, it is optimal to “anti-ice” roads with brine (a concentrated solution of salt in water), which prevents snow ice from sticking to the road surface. This procedure avoids excessive use of salt after a snowfall. Mixtures of brine and salt are used to remove ice, sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below -10 °C (14 °F).

Mounds of road salt for winter use

Deicing salt in the United Kingdom mainly comes from a single mine at Winsford in Cheshire. Before spreading, it is mixed with sodium ferrocyanide as an anti-caking agent, which allows the rock salt to flow freely from sand vehicles despite being folded before use. In recent years, this additive has also been used in table salt. Other additives have been used in road salt to reduce overall costs. For example, in the US, a solution of sugar beet by-products was mixed with rock salt and adhered to the road surface about 40% better than rock salt alone. Because he stayed on the road longer, the treatment did not have to be repeated several times, saving time and money.[9]

From a technical physical chemistry perspective, the minimum freezing point of a water-salt mixture is -21.12 °C (-6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt.% Salt. However, freezing near this concentration occurs so slowly that the eutectic point of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) can be reached with about 25 wt.% salt.[10]

Environmental consequences

Road salt ends up in freshwater bodies and can harm aquatic plants and animals by impairing their osmoregulatory abilities.[11] The ubiquitous presence of salt poses a problem when applying any coastal coating as trapped salts cause major adhesion problems. Navy authorities and shipbuilders monitor surface salt concentrations during construction. The maximum surface salt concentration depends on the source and application. The most commonly used regulation in the IMO is that the salt level is set to a maximum of 50 mg/m3.2 soluble salts are measured as sodium chloride. These measurements are performed using the Bresle Test. Salinity (increase in salinity, otherwise fresh water salinity syndrome

) and subsequent increased metal leaching is a persistent problem in freshwater bodies of North America and Europe.[12]

In highway deicing, salt is associated with corrosion of bridge decks, vehicles, rebar and wire, and exposed steel structures used in road construction. Surface runoff, vehicle spraying, and winds also affect soil, roadside vegetation, and local surface and groundwater supplies. Although evidence of the environmental effects of salt has been found during peak use, spring rains and thaws typically reduce sodium concentrations in the area where salt is applied.[9] A 2009 study found that approximately 70% of the road salt used in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metro area is stored in the local watershed.[13]

Replacement

Some agencies replace road salt with beer, molasses, and beet juice.[14] Airlines use glycol and sugar rather than salt-based solutions for de-icing.[15]

Food industry and agriculture

Main article: Salt

Many microorganisms cannot live in a salty environment: out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason, salt is used to preserve certain foods such as bacon, fish or cabbage.

Salt is added to food either by the food manufacturer or by the consumer as a flavor enhancer, preservative, binder, fermentation-controlling agent, texture control agent, and color developer. Salt consumption in the food industry is divided in descending order of consumption into other food products, meat processing, canning, baked goods, dairy products and flour milling products. Salt is added to help develop the color of bacon, ham and other meat products. As a preservative, salt inhibits the growth of bacteria. Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel consisting of meat, fat and moisture. Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and tenderizer.[9]

In many dairy industries, salt is added to cheese as an agent to control color, fermentation, and texture. The dairy subsector includes companies producing butter, condensed and evaporated milk, frozen desserts, ice cream, natural and processed cheese, and specialty dairy products. When canning, salt is primarily added as a flavor enhancer and preservative. It is also used as a carrier for other ingredients, a dehydrating agent, an enzyme inhibitor and a softener. When baking, salt is added to control the rate of fermentation of bread dough. It is also used to strengthen gluten (an elastic protein-water complex in some tests) and as a flavor enhancer, such as a filling for baked goods. The food products category also includes products from the flour milling industry. These products consist of milled flour and rice, breakfast cereals and blended or prepared flours. Salt is also used as a seasoning, such as in potato chips, pretzels, and cat and dog food.[9]

Sodium chloride is used in veterinary medicine as an vomiting agent. Served as a warm saturated solution. Vomiting can also be caused by pharyngeal placement of small amounts of plain salt or salt crystals.

Medicine

Main article: Saline (medicine)

Sodium chloride is used together with water as one of the basic solutions for intravenous therapy. The nasal spray often contains a saline solution.

Firefighting

Class D fire extinguisher for various metals.
Sodium chloride is the primary extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-LX, Super D) used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium and NaK alloys (Class D). Thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture along with waterproofing (metal stearates) and anti-caking materials (tricalcium phosphate) to form a fire extinguishing agent. When applied to a fire, the salt acts as a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and also forms an oxygen-excluding crust to smother the fire. The plastic additive melts and helps the crust maintain its integrity until the burning metal cools below its ignition temperature. This type of fire extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s as a cartridge device, although stored pressure versions are now popular. Common sizes are 30 lb (14 kg) portable and 350 lb (160 kg) wheeled.[ citation needed

]

Cleanser

Since at least the Middle Ages, from time to time people have used salt as a cleaning agent to rub onto household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, toothpaste and generally for removing ice from driveways and ice clumps.

Optical use

Defect-free NaCl crystals have an optical transmittance of about 90% for infrared light, specifically between 200 and 20 µm. Therefore, they have been used in optical components (windows and prisms) operating in the spectral range where few non-absorbing alternatives exist and where the requirements for the absence of microscopic inhomogeneities are less stringent than in the visible range. Although NaCl crystals are inexpensive, they are soft and hygroscopic - upon contact with the surrounding air they gradually become covered with “frost”. This limits the use of NaCl in dry environments, vacuum-sealed assembly areas, or for short-term use such as prototyping. Currently, materials such as zinc selenide (ZnSe), which are mechanically stronger and less sensitive to moisture, are used instead of NaCl for the infrared spectral range.

Indications for use

Sodium chloride is a saline solution that is used when the body loses extracellular fluid. Indicated for conditions that lead to limited fluid intake:

dyspepsia due to poisoning;
vomiting , diarrhea ;
cholera;
extensive burns;
hyponatremia or hypochloremia , in which dehydration is noted.

Considering what sodium chloride is, it is used externally to wash wounds, eyes, and nose. The drug is used to moisturize dressings, for inhalation, and for the face.

The use of NaCl is indicated for forced diuresis in cases of constipation , poisoning, and internal bleeding (pulmonary, intestinal, gastric).

It is also indicated in the indications for use of sodium chloride that this is a drug that is used for diluting and dissolving drugs that are administered parenterally.

Saline solution for a child: washing rules

Saline solution is successfully used as a treatment for children under 3 years of age and infants. What adults need to know so that the procedure is easy, painless, and does not leave any unpleasant impressions for the child:

Only pharmacy grade saline solution is recommended for rinsing the nose of a child or infant. Pediatricians recommend carrying out the procedure with special aspirators. In the absence of professional means, you can use a pipette or a baby bulb for douching. Items are boiled and cooled before use. Take no more than 3 drops for each nostril.

The procedure is carried out carefully and carefully. Before rinsing the baby’s nose, place him on his back, carefully fix his head, suck out crusts and mucus from the nose, then turn him on his side and inject the mixture into the nostril. Give the saline solution a little time to saturate the nasopharynx, and then remove it with flagella from cosmetic sponges.

You cannot insert the flagellum deeply into the child’s nose. The nasal mucosa in infants is very delicate; careless pressure can easily damage it.

Popular television children's doctor Igor Komarovsky considers it quite possible to use homemade saline solution for children. His recommendation: add 1 teaspoon of salt to 1 liter of boiled water, shake thoroughly - the solution is ready for use.

You can rinse the nose of children from three years old using a regular pipette. Children at this age already understand everything, talk and have their own opinion on all sorts of manipulations. Because the procedure is not pleasant, they will most likely be against it. To successfully administer saline, it is recommended to distract the child with toys or cartoons.
Washing with saline solution in adults is not difficult. They can already use any suitable method and any means for washing. In addition, an adult can easily remember how to prepare saline solution for rinsing the nose on his own.

Contraindications

The use of the solution is contraindicated for the following diseases and conditions:

hypokalemia , hyperchloremia , hypernatremia ;
extracellular hyperhydration , acidosis ;
pulmonary edema , cerebral edema ;
acute left ventricular failure;
development of circulatory disorders, in which there is a threat of cerebral and pulmonary edema;
prescription of large doses of GCS.

The solution is prescribed with caution to people who suffer from arterial hypertension , peripheral edema, decompensated chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, preeclampsia , as well as those diagnosed with other conditions in which sodium is retained in the body.

If the solution is used as a diluent for other medications, existing contraindications should be taken into account.

What is saline solution for rinsing the nose: indications

The effect of saline solution on the mucous membrane is mild, so its use does not cause side effects. But when thinking about whether it is possible to replace saline solution with boiled water, you should take into account that ordinary water is less tolerated by the body than salted water.
It dries out the mucous membrane somewhat, since, according to the laws of osmosis, it draws sodium chloride out of the cells until its concentration on both sides of this thin shell, which acts as a semi-permeable membrane, is equalized.

Irrigations with saline solution are successfully used to liquefy viscous secretions and cleanse the nasal cavity of mucus. This is required:

For runny nose (rhinitis) of any origin. Flushing not only makes breathing easier, but also speeds up recovery by flushing out pathogenic microorganisms and allergens. For sinusitis and other types of sinusitis. With these pathologies, it is more important than ever to clean your nose correctly. After all, the accumulation of viscous secretion or even pus in the paranasal sinuses contributes to the progression of the disease and transition to a chronic form. For otitis. For inflammation of the middle ear, rinsing the nasal cavity with saline solution can also help. After all, this disease is often accompanied by swelling of the nasal mucosa and runny nose. And irrigation allows you to remove excess mucus, so that subsequent administration of vasoconstrictor drops will be as effective as possible. For inflammatory lesions of the throat, for example, tonsillitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, etc. In such cases, a special manipulation technique is used, which involves passing fluid through the nasopharynx and flowing out of the mouth.

Sodium chloride can be used to rinse the nose both for various diseases and for preventive purposes. For example, it will come to the rescue during the cold season and during the flowering period of plants that cause an allergic reaction, since it will wash away from the mucous membranes viruses and bacteria that have not yet had time to penetrate into them, as well as allergens.

Rinsing the nasal cavity is extremely necessary for people:

working with highly dusty substances;
living in conditions of increased air dryness (less than 45%), especially children.

In general, it is better to make toileting the nasal cavity using saline a daily hygiene procedure, as wise yogis did many centuries ago.
It will not cause harm, but the benefits will be enormous. Washing will also help relieve:

headache;
the course of serious diseases of the lungs and bronchi;
going to bed with insomnia;
condition with severe fatigue or depression.

Source: nasmorkam.net

Side effects

The following conditions may develop when using sodium chloride:

overhydration;
hypokalemia;
acidosis.

If the drug is used correctly, the development of side effects is unlikely.

If a 0.9% NaCl solution is used as a base solvent, then side effects are determined by the properties of the drugs that are diluted with the solution.

If any negative effects occur, you should immediately report it to a specialist.

Instructions for use of Sodium Chloride (Method and dosage)

The instructions for saline solution (isotonic solution) provide for its administration intravenously and subcutaneously.

In most cases, intravenous drip administration is practiced, for which the Sodium Chloride dropper is heated to a temperature of 36-38 degrees. The volume that is administered to the patient depends on the condition of the patient, as well as the amount of fluid that has been lost by the body. It is important to take into account the person’s age and weight.

The average daily dose of the drug is 500 ml, the solution is administered at an average speed of 540 ml/h. If there is a severe degree of intoxication, then the maximum volume of medication per day can be 3000 ml. If there is such a need, a volume of 500 ml can be administered at a speed of 70 drops per minute.

Children are given a dose of 20 to 100 ml per day per 1 kg of weight. The dosage depends on body weight and the age of the child. It should be borne in mind that with prolonged use of this medicine it is necessary to monitor the level of electrolytes in plasma and urine.

To dilute drugs that need to be administered by drip, use 50 to 250 ml of sodium chloride per dose of the drug. The characteristics of administration are determined based on the main drug.

The hypertonic solution is administered intravenously.

If the solution is used to immediately compensate for the deficiency of sodium and chlorine ions, 100 ml of the solution is injected dropwise.

To perform a rectal enema to induce defecation, 100 ml of a 5% solution is administered; 3000 ml of an isotonic solution can also be administered throughout the day.

The use of a hypertensive enema is slowly indicated for renal and cardiac edema, increased intracranial pressure and for hypertension, it is carried out slowly, 10-30 ml is administered. Such an enema cannot be performed in case of colon erosion and inflammatory processes.

Purulent wounds are treated with a solution according to the regimen prescribed by the doctor. Compresses with NaCl are applied directly to a wound or other lesion on the skin. Such a compress promotes the separation of pus and the death of pathogenic microorganisms.

The nasal spray is instilled into the nasal cavity after it has been cleansed. For adult patients, two drops are instilled into each nostril, for children - 1 drop. It is used for both treatment and prevention, for which the solution is dripped for about 20 days.

Sodium chloride for inhalation is used for colds. To do this, the solution is mixed with bronchodilators. Inhalation is carried out for ten minutes three times a day.

If absolutely necessary, saline solution can be prepared at home. To do this, mix a full teaspoon of table salt in one liter of boiled water. If it is necessary to prepare a certain amount of solution, for example, with salt weighing 50 g, appropriate measurements should be taken. This solution can be applied topically, used for enemas, rinses, and inhalations. However, under no circumstances should such a solution be administered intravenously or used to treat open wounds or eyes.

Washing with saline solution

Many people use saline solution specifically for rinsing the nose. The procedure effectively helps to cope with difficulty breathing. The nose is washed for both children and adults. But for children, procedures can only begin after 4 years of age and as prescribed by a pediatrician.

You can rinse with saline solution for an adult with a regular syringe without a needle, as well as using a syringe or a special cup, which can also be found in pharmacies. The whole process is organized according to the following scheme:

It is good to disinfect the device prepared for rinsing, especially the part that will be inserted into the nasal cavity.
It is necessary to tilt your head and pour a small amount of solution into one nostril so that the liquid flows freely from the other.
Immediately after completing the rinsing, it is not recommended to go out into the cold for at least 30 minutes.

If during the procedure the solution gets into the mouth or throat, then nothing bad will happen, because the composition is completely safe.

Overdose

In case of overdose, the patient may feel nausea, suffer from vomiting and diarrhea, he may develop abdominal pain, fever, and rapid heartbeat. Also, in case of an overdose blood pressure , pulmonary edema and peripheral edema, renal failure , muscle cramps , weakness , dizziness , generalized convulsions , and coma may . hypernatremia may develop .

, hyperchlorimic acidosis may develop .

If sodium chloride is used to dissolve drugs, then the overdose is mainly associated with the properties of those drugs that are diluted.

If NaCl is inadvertently overadministered, it is important to stop this process and assess whether the patient has any more negative symptoms. Symptomatic treatment is practiced.

Interaction

NaCl is compatible with most medications. It is this property that determines the use of the solution for diluting and dissolving a number of drugs.

When diluting and dissolving, it is necessary to monitor the compatibility of drugs visually, determining whether a precipitate appears during the process, whether the color changes, etc.

Does not combine well with norepinephrine .

When concomitantly prescribing the drug with corticosteroids , it is important to constantly monitor the levels of electrolytes in the blood.

When taken in parallel, the hypotensive effect of Enalapril and Spirapril .

Sodium Chloride is incompatible with the leukopoiesis stimulator Filgrastim , as well as with the polypeptide antibiotic Polymyxin B.

There is evidence that isotonic solution increases the bioavailability of drugs.

When diluted with a solution of powdered antibiotics, they are completely absorbed by the body.

What is saline solution for rinsing the nose - sodium chloride, how to use and prepare it

In general terms, saline means a salt solution. When diluting, use no more than 9 g/l of salt. This active element content is found in human tissues, organs and blood. In other words, it is similar to blood plasma. It is actively used in the process of diluting medications when administering injections, as an antiseptic product, to replenish the optimal level of fluid in the human body when there is rapid loss of water, in otolaryngology.

How to rinse the nose with saline solution for an adult

Nasal rinsing can be carried out not only by adults, but also by children and pregnant women. It has no harmful effects on the body and has no contraindications for use.

special instructions

If an infusion is given, the patient's condition should be carefully monitored, in particular plasma electrolytes. It should be taken into account that in children, due to the immaturity of kidney function, sodium excretion . It is important to determine its plasma concentration before repeated infusions.

It is important to monitor the condition of the solution before administering it. The solution must be transparent and the packaging undamaged. Only a qualified specialist can use the solution for intravenous administration.

Any preparations with Sodium Chloride should only be dissolved by a specialist who can qualifiedly assess whether the resulting solution is suitable for administration. It is important to strictly adhere to all antiseptic rules. Any solution should be administered immediately after its preparation.

The result of a series of chemical reactions involving sodium chloride is the formation of chlorine. Electrolysis of molten Sodium Chloride in industry is a method of producing chlorine. If you carry out electrolysis of a solution of Sodium Chloride, you also end up with chlorine. If crystalline Sodium Chloride is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, the result is hydrogen chloride . Sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide can be produced through a chain of chemical reactions. Qualitative reaction to chloride ion - reaction with silver nitrate .

Recommendations

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Haynes, 4.135
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Haynes, 5.8
Sodium chloride. nlm.nih.gov.
Wells, John S. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
(3rd ed.), Longman, pp. 143 and 755, ISBN 9781405881180
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Westphal, Gisbert
and others.
(2002) "Sodium Chloride" in Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4.
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( October 2010) "Salt" in
USGS, Minerals Yearbook, 2008.
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Elvers, B.
et al.
(ed.) (1991)
Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
, 5th ed. Vol. A24, Wiley, pp. 319, ISBN 978-3-527-20124-2.
Rastogi, Nina (February 16, 2010) Is Road Salt Harmful to the Environment? slate.com.
"Salty waterways create dangerous chemical cocktails.'" Phys.org
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“Most road salt ends up in lakes and rivers.” www.sciencedaily.com
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"Switch to beetroot juice and beer to eliminate road salt hazards." Phys.org
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Sirdeshmukh, Dinker B.; Sirdeshmukh, Lalita and Subhadra, K. G. (2001). Alkali Metal Halides: A Handbook of Physical Properties
. Springer. pp. 65, 68. ISBN 978-3-540-42180-1.
Burgess, J (1978). Metal ions in solution
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Klewe, B; Pedersen (1974). "Crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate". Acta Crystallogr
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Salt, USGS

This article includes public domain material from the USGS document: "Salt" (PDF).

Analogs

Level 4 ATC code matches:
Calcium Chloride

Calcium chloride

Magnesium sulfate

Potassium chloride

Rheosorbilact

Reamberin

Different drug manufacturers may produce the solution under a separate name. These are the drugs Sodium chloride Brown , Sodium chloride Bufus , Rizosin , Salin Sodium chloride Sinco , etc.

Preparations containing sodium chloride are also produced. These are combined salt solutions of sodium acetate + sodium chloride, etc.

Sources cited

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.
Tikhomirova, K.; Tantardini, C.; Sukhanova, E.; Popov, Z.; Evlashin, S.; Tarkhov, M.; Zhdanov, V.; Dudin, A.; Organov, A.; Kvashnin, D.; Kvashniv, A. (2020). "Exotic two-dimensional structure: the first case of hexagonal NaCl". Letters to the Journal of Physical Chemistry
.
11
(10): 3821–3827. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00874. PMID 32330050.

Sodium Chloride price, where to buy

The price of saline solution in ampoules of 5 ml is on average 30 rubles per 10 pcs. Buying sodium chloride 0.9% in a 200 ml bottle costs an average of 30-40 rubles per bottle.

Online pharmacies in RussiaRussia
Online pharmacies in UkraineUkraine
Online pharmacies in KazakhstanKazakhstan

ZdravCity

Sodium chloride solution for inf.
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Pharmacy Dialogue

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