How to treat dehydration: 5 solutions for rehydration - Toxicology

Considering that the tissues of the human body are 60% water, and this, in turn, contains various salts, it becomes obvious that a violation of the water-salt balance is fraught with pathological conditions and even diseases. Suffice it to say that water is necessary for proper thermoregulation, for the proper functioning of the digestive organs and cleansing of the body, to ensure motor activity, breathing and vision. If there is not enough water, the body first uses mobile extracellular fluid, and then intracellular fluid is used, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body.

The best medicines for dehydration.

September 15, 2021
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Content

Causes of dehydration
Does a person need 2 liters of water per day?
Symptoms of dehydration
Complications from dehydration
How to treat dehydration
Anti-dehydration medications: top 5 best
Regidron
Oralit
Adiarine Regidro
Gastrolit
Humana Electrolyte

In infectious diseases (especially intestinal infections), dehydration (exicosis) often develops. Those at risk are primarily children and the elderly. Middle-aged people have more developed compensatory mechanisms that allow them to retain fluid in the body.

You might think that the best remedy for dehydration is water. But, unfortunately, not everything is so simple. When moisture leaves the body, important electrolytes and mineral salts are lost along with it. If you simply drink a lot of water, the ionic composition will still not be replenished, so plain water is not a panacea at all. When dehydrated, the concentration of magnesium, potassium, sodium and bicarbonate is disrupted - the electrolyte balance of the body suffers greatly.

Read also: Top 5 best sorbents for poisoning Rating of the most effective and safe sorbents that help with poisoning and hangover syndrome.

Prevention

To prevent dehydration of the body, the following prevention rules should be followed:

Do not practice hard work and serious physical exertion during the hot season.
If you stay in the heat for a long time, periodically rest in a cool place and drink plenty of fluids.
Do not abuse alcohol.
Carry a water bottle with you in summer.
Wear light clothing made from natural fabrics in summer.
Do not take diuretic drugs uncontrollably.
Eat right and maintain a rational drinking regime.

Causes of dehydration

Fluid intake rates are calculated for healthy adults under standard living conditions. They usually write that this is 35 ml per 1 kg of weight. That is, if a person weighs 70 kg, then he should drink 2.4 liters of water per day to prevent dehydration. Below we will look at how justified this recommendation is. But it happens that at one time or another more liquid is needed. First of all, for those who sweat a lot. And it doesn’t matter what caused it: physical activity, hot weather or hormonal imbalance. Who needs more water than the standard recommendation:

athletes;
pregnant and lactating women;
in case of poisoning or intestinal infection (when there is vomiting and diarrhea);
after sun or heatstroke;
if for some reason a person has frequent urination.

When you are on a diet, then you also need to drink more. In addition to the fact that a person does not receive all the necessary nutrients, due to a lack of fluid, his metabolism may be disrupted.

Some diseases also often cause dehydration. First of all, acute intestinal infections, usually accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. In this case, not only fluid is lost, but also important alkaline ions - acidification of the body develops (acidosis). This process develops especially quickly in children and causes malfunction of internal organs. Dehydration is also caused by forms of gastroenteritis such as salmonellosis and cholera.

When vomiting, the body loses acids and the blood becomes more alkaline, which is dangerous to health.

Another cause of severe dehydration is body burns. This is especially dangerous for young children: even with a first-degree burn (hyperemia of a body area), the body loses a lot of moisture. If it is a more severe burn (with blisters), significant loss of blood plasma occurs. Without treatment, such dehydration can be fatal (especially in older people).

If a person takes diuretics uncontrollably, he is also at risk of dehydration. Drugs with a diuretic effect are usually prescribed to patients with hypertension, but it happens that women, in pursuit of slimness, drink various diuretic teas and tablets. If you do this constantly, electrolytes leave the body along with the fluid, which can lead to heart problems.

Read also: The most effective antipyretics for adults 8 most effective drugs for high temperatures.

On hot summer days, especially when a person spends a long time under the scorching sun, in addition to the risk of sunstroke, heatstroke, sunburn and other unpleasant conditions of the body, dehydration can also occur.

In today's article we will talk about dehydration: signs, causes and ways to prevent dehydration, because... correct actions in certain situations can save more than one human life. So…

Dehydration (dehydration) is a pathological condition of the body caused by a decrease in the amount of water in it below the physiological norm necessary for the normal functioning of all human organs.

The human body consists on average of 60% water. Digestion is based on water, water lubricates the joints, helps remove waste products, and is required for breathing, because the lungs need constant hydration in order to saturate the blood with oxygen and free it from excess carbon dioxide.

A person can survive without water from 3 to 10 days, which depends on the ambient air temperature, physical activity and psychological state of the person.

Dehydration is deadly in both hot and cold weather.

A sudden loss of a large amount of fluid by the body, or its presence in small quantities, sharply increases the feeling of thirst, but if you start drinking water immoderately, this can lead to sudden swelling and even death.

Dehydration is very dangerous for children, the elderly, and especially for newborn babies. Monitor symptoms closely, and as soon as this group of people develops an illness that causes fever, nausea, or diarrhea, contact your doctor immediately!

Types and degrees of dehydration

Dehydration levels:

- mild dehydration (loss of 5-6% or 1-2 liters of water); - average (loss of 6-10% or 2-4 l); - severe (loss of 10% or more than 4 liters); - acute (loss of more than 10 liters of water) - this degree of dehydration is life-threatening.

Types of dehydration:

— isotonic (the salt composition of the blood is normal); - hypertensive (increased concentration of blood salts); - hypotonic (reduced concentration of blood salts).

Causes of dehydration

- diarrhea and vomiting (for example, caused by food poisoning); - increased sweating (may be associated with hot weather, increased physical activity or intense training); - sunstroke or heatstroke; - frequent urination; - drinking large amounts of alcohol (headache in the morning is a sign of dehydration); - burns.

Symptoms of dehydration

Important! A loss of 20-25% of water is fatal.

The first signs of dehydration:

- dry mouth and viscous saliva; - dark urine with a pungent odor, rarely and in small quantities; - weakness, apathy, irritation; - increased body temperature; - nausea, vomiting; - diarrhea.

Symptoms of dehydration (from mild to severe in increasing order):

Complications of dehydration

- kidney damage; - shock (pallor, rapid breathing, cold sweat, clammy skin, rapid pulse, weak pulse, loss of consciousness); - dehydration can be fatal, especially in infectious diseases and in the weakened.

Consequences of dehydration

If dehydration of the body is not prevented in time in the initial stages and the condition is allowed to progress, this leads to a decrease in the volume of intracellular fluid, which in turn leads to the onset of irreversible processes.

The consequences of dehydration can manifest themselves as:

— disruption of food processing and transportation of vital substances; - increased blood pressure; - weakening of the immune system, and as a result, the development of various diseases; - premature aging.

Treatment of dehydration

Treatment of dehydration is the rapid restoration of the body's water balance.

With severe dehydration, there is so little fluid that blood circulation is disrupted, and all vital organs for the body’s functioning begin to “starve.” Treatment of severe dehydration is carried out only in a hospital setting, so be sure to call an ambulance if you have symptoms.

Treatment for moderate to severe cases includes intravenous fluids and hospital care.

Treatment of mild and moderate forms of dehydration is focused on restoring the lost volume of fluid and blood and in most cases, depending on the accompanying symptoms, is allowed at home.

Treatment of mild to moderate dehydration

1. Provide the victim complete rest. Place the patient on a flat surface and, if possible, place him in a cool, damp area with good air circulation.

2. Give the victim plenty of fluids. For this it is recommended to use:

- ordinary water; — drinks containing carbohydrate/electrolyte/sodium/potassium (mineral waters); — frozen juices and ice shavings; - drinks containing glucose.

You need to drink liquid slowly and in small portions. You can use a straw for this.

3. To accelerate the restoration of lost intracellular and intercellular fluid, as well as restore the water-salt balance of the body, you can give the patient special (rehydration) medications: “Rehydron”, “Gastrolit”, “Orasan”.

Homemade rehydration solution, recipe: 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 glass orange juice and ¾ teaspoon salt. Drink in small sips 3 times a day.

3. If dehydration occurs as a result of overheating, it is necessary to direct efforts to normalize body temperature, for this:

- place the person in a well-ventilated and cool room, if possible, point a fan at him; - remove all excess clothing from the patient, loosen the rest; - Apply a cool wet cloth to the forehead, and if possible, wrap the whole person with a similar cloth, or let him take a shower; - periodically the person can be sprayed with cool water;

When taking actions aimed at normalizing body temperature, be careful not to overcool the person, otherwise the blood vessels will narrow and restoration of health will be delayed; in addition, hypothermia can cause other diseases.

See a doctor immediately if:

1. Dehydration has occurred in an infant, a child under 10 years of age, or an elderly person;

2. Dehydration is observed in severe or acute forms:

- diarrhea for more than 2 days; - severe headaches and dizziness, loss of consciousness; - severe nausea and vomiting for 12 hours; - no urination for 12 hours; — the temperature has risen above 39°C; - lethargy and difficulty breathing are observed; - severe abdominal pain; - epileptic seizures, etc.

Preventing dehydration

Dehydration is much easier to prevent than to treat.

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Does a person need 2 liters of water per day?

Disputes among doctors and nutritionists about the amount of fluid per day continue. This topic has become overgrown with a bunch of myths, following which people harm their own health. Experts from the World Health Organization believe that there is no identical daily fluid requirement for all people. And don’t believe that you need to drink 2 liters of water (not counting tea, coffee and liquid from food). The main factors here are the person’s age and weight. So, how much should you drink per day per 1 kg of weight:

Children up to 10 kg – 4 ml of water per hour.
Children up to 20 kg – 1000-1500 ml per day.
Teenagers and adults over 20 kg - 1500 ml for the first 20 kg plus for each subsequent kilogram of weight - 20 ml.

Let's do the math. If a person weighs 50 kg, he needs 1500 ml of fluid plus 20 ml multiplied by 30 subsequent kilograms. Yields 2100 ml per day. If you feel thirsty, be sure to drink! But if you don’t want water, you don’t need to force yourself: the body itself signals when it needs water, so forget about the numbers.

Read also The most effective probiotics for the intestines: top 5 How to choose a probiotic and for what problems it is prescribed.

Tests and diagnostics

Dehydration can be determined using clinical and laboratory tests. The doctor practices the following methods:

Physical examination - characteristic signs of exicosis are determined. The doctor also conducts a survey, determining the reasons that provoked this condition.
Measuring central venous pressure - a Waldmann apparatus is used for this purpose. Normal pressure indicators are 6-12 cm of water column. With a decrease of 2 cm or more, hypovolemia .
Laboratory blood tests - the hematocrit level is determined, which normally should not exceed 36-45%. The amount of electrolytes is also determined.
The degree of dehydration can also be assessed by comparing current body weight and the weight that preceded dehydration.
If the patient has chronic diseases, other examinations may be prescribed.

Symptoms of dehydration

Thirst is not the main sign of dehydration, as we used to think. Long before pathology occurs, the body sends signals about a lack of fluid.

DEHYDRATION TEST.

Pinch the skin on the back of your hand with your fingers. If the fold is quickly leveled, there is enough water in the body; if it is slow, you need to drink.

Under normal conditions, the kidneys process about 100 ml of fluid per hour, so it is usually difficult to bring the body to dehydration unless there are aggravating factors. The main signs of pathological dehydration are:

weight loss over 3%;
pale skin;
low temperature;
sunken eyes;
rapid pulse;
rare or absent urination;
dry mouth (no saliva);
swollen tongue;
difficulty swallowing;
cold sweat.

With such symptoms, the blood becomes thicker and the acid-base balance is disturbed. You need to understand that dehydration is not an independent diagnosis, but a consequence of a certain disease.

If a patient has kidney or heart failure, not only dehydration itself is dangerous for him, but also a sharp replenishment of fluid in the blood. In such cases, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure are measured invasively.

Determining dehydration by electrolytes in urine is not always reliable. If the patient has healthy kidneys, sodium is retained in his body for a long time, which does not enter the urine in large quantities.

Dehydration test

Photos from open sources

What should you be wary of?

Sometimes the signs of dehydration are not so obvious, so the following conditions should be on your guard:

prolonged diarrhea, vomiting and nausea for more than 12 hours;
epileptic seizure, loss of consciousness;
impaired breathing;
stomach ache;
absence of urination and the urge to urinate for half a day;
heat.

Such pathological conditions with dehydration require immediate medical attention.

Complications from dehydration

Dehydration is dangerous primarily for children and the elderly. A child’s body contains more fluid than an adult’s, so if a child loses even 10% of water, serious problems in the functioning of internal organs are possible.

It doesn’t matter what the cause of dehydration is, the result is the same: the body loses important ions that maintain the acid-base balance and are responsible for the proper contraction of the heart muscle. Renal blood flow also decreases as fluid decreases. The kidneys respond by releasing the hormone vasopressin, which provokes vasospasm throughout the body and increases blood pressure.

During dehydration, blood flow to vital organs increases, but other organs do not receive enough of it - there is a danger of disruption to their functioning. Blood pressure decreases, the pumping function of the heart and blood supply to its muscles decrease. This further reduces blood pressure, and there is a risk of ischemia of the brain, kidneys and lungs. This is called hypovolemic shock, the symptoms of which are:

pale skin;
general weakness;
muffled and slow heartbeat;
mental disorders (sometimes increased agitation);
foggy consciousness;
coma.

If treatment is not started immediately against the background of hypovolemic shock, DIC syndrome (disseminated intravascular coagulation) occurs and, as a result, death.

How to treat dehydration

The sooner the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body is restored, the better. It’s just that pure water is absolutely not suitable for these purposes - when there are few blood ions in the body, water will not be absorbed.

If dehydration is mild and the person is not vomiting, oral rehydration is appropriate. Doctors prescribe water-salt solutions. You can prepare them yourself by dissolving the contents of the sachet in water. The required volume of solution is determined by how severe the patient’s condition is. For diarrhea, for example, you need to drink 100 ml every 5 minutes.

If it is heatstroke, there are convulsions and large volumes of fluid come out in the urine, you need to drink 900 ml of rehydration solution in small portions within half an hour. Next is taking the drug for maintenance therapy.

Severe cases of dehydration, causing disruption of internal organs, require urgent hospitalization - intravenous administration of drugs to replenish fluid and balance electrolytes. Usually sodium chloride, Ringer's solutions, glucose or potassium are "dripped".

With burns, in addition to water, the body usually loses protein. Therefore, in addition to restoring fluid balance, it is necessary to introduce solutions of albumin, dextrans, and hydroxyethyl starch.

Dehydration, as we've already discussed, is especially dangerous for children, older adults, and those with certain chronic health conditions. Therefore, it is important to replace fluids during vomiting and diarrhea and treat the cause of fluid loss. Diabetics should periodically monitor their glucose levels, follow a consistent diet and drink enough water.

Symptoms of dehydration

Photos from open sources

What kind of water is best to drink?

Store shelves and catering chains offer us a fairly extensive selection of drinks.

Carbonated drinks often attract our attention It must be remembered that their pleasant taste hides insidious excess calories and sugar. That's right - read the packaging and evaluate each time why I buy and drink this drink.

This problem is especially relevant for developed countries, because many people drink drinks not to quench thirst, but due to “close availability” and to obtain pleasant taste sensations, stimulation of the nervous system with caffeine and sugar, or for relaxation due to alcohol. The sports industry also invented a new type of soft drink: sports drinks. However, most experts are very skeptical about the benefits of sports drinks for maintaining fluid balance and improving training results.

Fruit juices contain fruit pulp and a significant amount of water, which also quenches thirst. It is correct to consume natural freshly squeezed juices, if necessary, with the addition of clean water. Industrially produced juices may contain sugar and preservatives, the frequent consumption of which can have a harmful effect on health.

In order to maintain well-being and health, it is recommended to drink clean water, low-mineralized water (up to 2-2.5 grams of minerals per liter), weak black and green tea, herbal teas (chamomile, peppermint, fireweed). Remember that drinking green tea with milk has a mild diuretic effect and will help save you from feeling puffy and heavy in your legs.

Regidron

Probably the most commonly prescribed drug for dehydration. The powder contains: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium citrate and dextrose (D-glucose). The ideal balance of sodium and glucose is maintained here, so Regidron is considered the best remedy for absorbing water and reducing the load on the intestines. The drug also contains sodium citrate (citric acid salt), which improves energy metabolism. "Regidron" not only restores the water-electrolyte balance, but also the acid-base balance. The product is indicated for diarrhea, moderate vomiting, and severe sweating. It’s easy to prepare the solution – you just need to dissolve a bag of powder in 1 liter of cool boiled water.

Regidron

Orion Pharma (Orion Pharma), Finland

- oral rehydration and prevention of dehydration in acute diarrhea accompanied by mild to moderate dehydration.
from 18

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Oralit

This anti-dehydration drug is not as balanced as the previous one, but it also works great to restore fluid balance. Ingredients of Oralit: table salt, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose. The product contains the most necessary components to relieve first or second degree dehydration. Oralit is suitable for children who do not want to drink on their own - in small portions (10-15 ml) every 15 minutes. It can be taken from a spoon or through a syringe without a needle. A child needs about 1 glass of solution per kilogram of weight per day, and the dosage cannot be increased. If a newborn is dehydrated, the solution prepared according to the instructions must be diluted twice more with water, because the preparation contains too much sodium for the baby.

Oralit

Oralit is a rehydrating agent for normalizing electrolyte and energy balance. Method of administration: oral. Reduces or prevents dehydration. Effectively restores lost potassium, sodium and water. Used to restore fluids and lost electrolytes during diarrhea. Normalizes acid-base and water-electrolyte balances disturbed by dehydration. Metabolic acidosis is maintained by glucose through the absorption of citrates and salts.
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Diet

Water diet

Efficiency: 3-4 kg in 1 week
Terms: from 3 days to 4 weeks
Cost of products: 100-200 rubles per day

During the period of dehydration, in addition to drinks to replenish fluid, it is recommended to introduce the following products into the diet:

Potassium-containing foods - raisins, tomatoes, herbs, potatoes, bananas, oranges.
Vegetable broths.
Fruits – melon, grapefruit, watermelon, grapes, strawberries.
Vegetables – zucchini, spinach, cucumbers.

It is recommended that children be given cereal-based porridges, steamed cutlets, broths, stewed or boiled vegetables, and dried vegetables.

During the period of dehydration, it is not recommended to drink tea, coffee, sweet soda, or alcohol.

Adiarine Regidro

The drug contains glucose, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, silicon dioxide, zinc amino acid chelate. A good drug for preventing dehydration and restoring electrolyte levels during diarrhea. It is the zinc in Adiarina Regidro that helps to quickly stop diarrhea. The product is ideal for acute gastroenteritis in children, reducing mortality due to dehydration due to diarrhea by 93%. Also, Adiarin Regidro protects the intestinal mucosa from the penetration of toxins and bacteria into the blood. The contents of the sachet should be dissolved in a glass of boiled water at room temperature. You need to take the anti-dehydration medication until the diarrhea stops.

Adiarine Regidro

Jadran-Galenski Laboratories, Croatia

Adiarine Regidro is a drug for the prevention of dehydration and rapid replenishment of water and electrolyte losses due to diarrhea.
Thanks to its zinc (Zn) content, Adiarin Rehydro reduces the duration of diarrhea. from 281

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Types and degrees of dehydration

Dehydration should not be allowed. If such a process has begun, then treatment must be carried out urgently, depending on the type and stage. There are three types in total:

Isotonic (the salt composition of the blood remains normal);
Hypertensive (increased levels of salts are observed in the blood);
Hypotonic (low levels of salts are observed in the blood).

Isotonic dehydration can occur as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun. The next two types develop as a result of pathological changes. Dehydration makes itself felt almost immediately, but it can develop over several days, increasing the stage.

Gastrolit

"Gastrolit" contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, glucose. In addition, the composition contains chamomile, which has an antimicrobial effect and “calms” the gastrointestinal mucosa during intestinal infections. To prepare a rehydration solution, you need to dissolve a packet of Gastrolite in a glass of hot water and wait until it cools down - you get a medicinal drink with an optimal set of electrolytes.

Gastrolit

TEVA, Ukraine

The drug replenishes water and electrolyte losses resulting from acute diarrhea and relieves metabolic acidosis. Chamomile extract additionally has an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antispasmodic effect on the intestines.
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Humana Electrolyte

Children do not refuse to drink this banana-flavored drug, which is very important. “Humana Electrolyte” with banana is prescribed for children from three years of age; for newborn babies there is “Humana Electrolyte” with fennel. The product is excellent for treating dehydration for almost any reason: vomiting, diarrhea, increased sweating, intestinal infection, hormonal imbalance, etc. Humana Electrolyte instantly restores the imbalance of electrolytes, replenishes fluid and minerals. One sachet of the drug should be diluted in a glass of water (250 ml). It is advisable to take warm boiled water or tea.