Why is the Prevenar vaccine needed?
This vaccine is used to prevent most diseases caused by pneumococcus. This bacterium can infect the lungs, blood, brain and other human organs, causing serious complications and causing death. The microorganism is dangerous not only for children, but also for adults.
Most often, a collision with pneumococcus ends in bacterial pneumonia or meningitis. Children and adults with weakened immune systems who have had inflammation of the brain often remain disabled for life. The Prevenar vaccine reduces the risk of infection and complications by 93%. The protective properties of the drug last for 5 years.
Compatibility with other vaccines
The Prevenar vaccine is combined with all types of vaccinations, so it can be performed simultaneously with them. The exception is the BCG vaccine, which is incompatible with Prevenar 13.
Simultaneous immunization with several vaccinations implies compliance with the basic rules: injections are performed in different parts of the body, and in no case should they be mixed into one syringe.
Prevenar 13 is a high-quality vaccination that provides prevention of serious illness with the ability to prevent complications in people with chronic diseases. The relevance of the vaccine is obvious for use in children and adults, especially those who often suffer from colds and viral diseases.
Vaccination scheme
The Prevenar vaccine is available in two forms - seven and thirteen. This number indicates the number of serotypes of bacteria included in the drug. Regardless of the type, only non-living strains are used to prepare the vaccine. Due to this, it is possible to get vaccinated against pneumococcus at the age of 2-3 months.
The vaccination regimen is developed individually for each patient and takes into account both the age-related characteristics of the body and the presence of contraindications. Today, the following vaccine administration regimens exist:
- From 2 to 6 months. Prevenar vaccination is administered four times with revaccination up to 2 years.
- From 7 to 12 months. Two doses of the vaccine are administered with revaccination up to 2 years.
- From one year to 2 years. Two vaccines are administered at an interval not exceeding 2 months.
- From 2 to 5 years. Single administration of the drug.
Instructions for use PREVENAR 13
Vaccine for the prevention of pneumococcal infections.
Mechanism of action
Prevenar 13 contains 13 antigens - capsular polysaccharides of 13 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F, 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, 19A), individually conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197. In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced by B cells in a T-dependent and T-independent manner. The immune response to most antigens is T-dependent in nature and involves the coordinated action of CD4+ T cells and B cells in the process of antigen recognition. CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) transmit signals to B cells directly (through the interaction of proteins on the cell surface) and indirectly (through the release of cytokines). These signals lead to the proliferation and differentiation of B cells and the synthesis of high-affinity antibodies. CD4+ T cell signaling is required for the differentiation of B cells into long-lived plasma cells that continuously synthesize antibodies of multiple isotypes (with an IgG component) and memory B cells that rapidly mobilize and secrete antibodies after repeated exposure to the same antigen.
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PS), different in chemical structure, have common immunological properties, being mainly T-independent antigens. In the absence of T-cell help, PS-stimulated B cells synthesize primarily IgM antibodies; Antibody affinity maturation generally does not occur and memory B cells are not produced. In vaccines, PS use is associated with poor or no immunogenicity in children <24 months of age and an inability to induce immunological memory at any age.
Conjugation of PS to a carrier protein overcomes the T-cell-independent nature of PS antigens. T cells with carrier proteins provide the signals necessary for the maturation of the B cell-mediated immune response and the formation of memory B cells. Conversion of Streptococcus pneumoniae PS into a T-cell-dependent antigen (by covalent attachment to the immunogenic carrier protein CRM197) enhances the formation of antibodies and induces immune memory. It has been demonstrated that repeated exposure to pneumococcal polysaccharides in children caused a booster response.
Immunological properties
Administration of the Prevenar 13 vaccine causes the production of antibodies to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae, thereby providing specific protection against infections caused by 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F included in the vaccine serotypes of pneumococcus.
According to WHO recommendations for new conjugate anti-pneumococcal vaccines, the equivalence of the immune response when using the Prevenar 13 and Prevenar vaccines was assessed using a combination of three independent criteria:
- percentage of patients who achieved a concentration of specific IgG antibodies≥0.35 μg/ml;
- geometric mean concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG GMC) and opsonophagocytic activity of bactericidal antibodies (OPA titer ≥1:8). Introduction Prevenar 13 causes the development of an immune response to all 13 vaccine serotypes, equivalent to the Prevenar vaccine according to the above criteria.
The Prevenar 13 vaccine includes up to 90% of all serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI), incl. resistant to antibiotic treatment. Observations in the United States since the introduction of the 7-valent Prevenar conjugate vaccine suggest that the most severe cases of invasive pneumonia are associated with the serotypes included in Prevenar 13 (1, 3, 7F and 19A), in particular serotype 3 is directly associated with necrotizing pneumonia.
Immune response using three or two doses in a primary vaccination series
After three doses
With Prevenar 13, during primary vaccination of children under 6 months of age, a significant increase in the level of antibodies to all vaccine serotypes was observed.
After two doses
During primary vaccination with Prevenar 13 as part of mass immunization of children of the same age group, a significant increase in antibody titers to all components of the vaccine was also observed, but the level of IgG≥0.35 μg/ml for serotypes 6B and 23F was determined in a smaller percentage of children. At the same time, the concentration of antibodies after the administration of a booster dose of Prevenar 13 compared with the concentration of antibodies before the introduction of a booster dose increased for all 13 serotypes. The formation of immunological memory is shown for both of the above vaccination regimens. The secondary immune response to a booster dose in children of the second year of life using three or two doses in the primary vaccination series is comparable for all 13 serotypes.
Booster reactions to two-dose and three-dose immunization regimens
Post-booster antibody concentrations were higher for 12 serotypes than the concentrations achieved after the primary immunization series, indicating adequate priming (formation of immunological memory). For serotype 3, antibody concentrations after the primary series of immunization and booster doses were similar. Antibody responses to booster doses after the two-dose and three-dose primary immunization series were comparable across all 13 vaccine serotypes.
In adults aged 50 years and older, serotype-specific polysaccharide-binding IgG antibody levels are not used to predict protection against invasive pneumococcal infections or nonbacteremic pneumonia. It is believed that the reflection of the mechanisms of anti-pneumococcal protection in adults is the functional activity of the antibodies produced - opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) - the ability of serum antibodies to eliminate pneumococci by activating complement-mediated phagocytosis in vitro. Preclinical and clinical data from a study of the immunogenicity of the Prevenar 13 vaccine in adults aged 50 years and older confirm the functional opsonophagocytic activity of post-vaccination serotype-specific OPA antibodies.
Where can you get vaccinated with Prevenar?
You can administer the Prevenar vaccine at our medical center in Mytishchi. We work only with original drugs that have all the necessary certificates. The procedure is carried out by qualified doctors in a specially equipped room. We can also create an individual vaccination schedule for you and your children. Our specialists will perform a preventive examination to identify contraindications, answer any questions you may have, and tell you how to prepare for the procedure. You can sign up for a consultation through the website or by calling the numbers listed in the appropriate section.
Possible post-vaccination reactions
- Soreness at the injection site (36.5% of children), fever (usually up to 38 degrees, in 1% of cases - higher), vomiting and diarrhea (less than 10% of children)
- In children over two years of age, local reactions are observed more often, but they are short-lived
- Seizures and severe allergic reactions after administration of Prevenar are observed less than in 1 case in 10,000
In cases of respiratory immaturity (premature infants under 28 weeks), the child should be monitored for 72 hours after initial vaccinations, as the risk of apnea is slightly increased. It is not recommended to postpone Prevenar vaccination, because this group of children especially needs it.
Contraindications
Only a doctor can decide whether Prevenar 13 is suitable for a child to be vaccinated
Vaccination with Prevenar 13 is contraindicated if there is a history of an allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine, as well as in the following cases:
Hypersensitivity reactions to previous administration of Prevenar 13 drugs (including anaphylactic shock, severe generalized allergic reactions);
Side effects
Vaccination with Prevenar or Prevenar 13 can lead to the development of general and local reactions: redness, swelling, pain or hardening at the injection site, hyperthermia over 38°C, irritability , drowsiness , sleep problems .
of the hematopoietic, lymphatic, immune, nervous systems and gastrointestinal tract are also possible : regional lymphadenopathy, hypersensitivity reactions, convulsions, vomiting , diarrhea , loss of appetite, and so on.
