Renal colic: symptoms, causes, first aid

Renal colic is a symptom complex, an acute pain syndrome indicating a sudden disruption of the outflow of urine. It ranks first among emergency urological conditions. The sensations are excruciating; patients describe them as “unbearable pain.” During an attack, the sufferer cannot sit in one place and tries to find a position or pose that would bring relief.

Unpleasant symptoms are not the only negative aspect. Due to the blockage of the urinary tract, urine formation does not stop. Urine accumulating in the ureter is an ideal substance for the development of bacterial colonies, viruses and fungi. Due to the constantly expanded walls of the ureters, the overall hydrodynamics are disrupted. If waste substances are not removed from the body, intoxication begins.

Causes and risk factors

Obstruction of the urinary tract in 85% of cases occurs due to the appearance and movement of stones (urolithiasis). But for colic, an accumulation of mucus, pus, and blood clots is enough (in case of injury, for example). Compression of the ureter begins with enlarged tumors and enlarged lymph nodes.

Among the pathologies leading to renal colic, urologists most often name the following:

• Acute and chronic pyelonephritis: during the inflammatory process, mucus, leukocytes, platelets appear in the pelvis and calyces, and with a long-term illness - fibrin;
• Benign and malignant tumors: cause blood clots in the blood;
• Tuberculosis: promotes the appearance of necrosis, particles of dead tissue are sometimes released.

Vascular diseases - infarction or embolism of the kidney, venous thrombosis, dissecting aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, also cause disruption of the outflow of urine, and therefore are conditionally considered a risk factor for the development of renal colic.

Allergic reactions, injuries and diseases of the pelvic organs and retroperitoneal space lead to narrowing of the lumen of the ureters. Developmental anomalies (bends, kinks) of elements of the urinary system lead to disruption of the outflow of urine and can cause renal colic.

The attack begins due to changes in the internal structures of the upper urinary tract due to scarring: normal contraction is impossible due to decreased function of muscle tissue.

An attack sometimes begins in the complete absence of predisposing factors. For example, a person sits calmly in front of the TV or has just climbed from the first floor to the second. However, in most cases, the symptom complex is preceded by severe physical exertion, stress or trauma.

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Installation of nephrostomy percutaneous (puncture) nephrostomy

A nephrostomy tube is a thin tube with holes at one end called a pig tail. The opposite end of the nephrostomy is represented by a straight tube and serves to connect to a bag for urine collection.

The role of a nephrostomy is the same as that of a stent (ensures unimpeded outflow of urine from the kidney), but the difference lies in the installation method. In the case of installing a stent, the operation is performed through the natural urinary tract, and when installing a nephrostomy, through a puncture in the lower back in the projection of the affected kidney. This procedure is used in cases where it is not possible to install a stent through the natural urinary tract.

Nephrostomies can be installed for several weeks or months. In the case of renal colic, a nephrostomy is installed for a period of about two weeks. The operation, like ureteral stenting, is performed in an endourological X-ray operating room, where there is the necessary equipment for ultrasound (ultrasound machine with a special adapter for punctures) and X-ray television control (C-arm). In our clinic, such an operating room operates around the clock.

Operation percutaneous nephrostomy.

We will inform you in advance about the stages of the operation and tell you what to expect during the installation of a nephrostomy. The operation is performed under local or intravenous anesthesia, which eliminates or minimizes discomfort. The choice of anesthesia method depends on patient preference and medical indications.

The operation begins with positioning on the operating table. You can lie on your healthy side or on your stomach. It depends on your build and the location of the kidney relative to the costal arch. Visualization of the kidney and monitoring during surgery is carried out, as mentioned above, under ultrasound and X-ray television control. The exception is pregnant women, where x-rays are not used.

Using ultrasound guidance, the doctor finds the puncture site in the lumbar region where the trauma to the kidney will be minimal, and the stent curl will be securely located in the pelvis. The puncture is carried out with a needle, 15-20 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. After the puncture of the pelvis is carried out through the lumen of the needle, a conductor (a very thin string) is installed into the cavity system of the kidney, through which a nephrostomy is carried into the kidney.

As a rule, after installing a nephrostomy, the symptoms of renal colic subside and you can be discharged home after a few days. It is important to drink more fluids than usual for the next few days after the procedure. If you do not have a fever, then calculate 30 ml of drinking water per kilogram of weight per day.

Patients often ask the question: what kind of nephrostomy care is needed and what should I change in my lifestyle in these 2-3 weeks?

• Hygienic measures allow you to take a shower, followed by treating the nephrostomy site with an antiseptic solution and dressing.
• A lifestyle that is not associated with heavy physical activity and heavy lifting (walking, driving, working at a desk) is allowed.
• There are no dietary restrictions unless there are other recommendations from the attending physician.
• The main thing is the functioning of the nephrostomy. The amount of urine excreted, of course, is individual, but it is necessary to ensure that the urine bag is regularly filled.

Pathogenesis

The development of renal colic occurs in patients in approximately the same way:

1. Due to the cessation of the normal outflow of urine, newly formed by the kidneys from the blood, pressure increases in the ureters, calyces and pelvis.
2. Despite the change in urine output, urine does not stop being produced.
3. Due to this problem, the muscles of the ureter begin to contract with an unnatural frequency. Contractions develop into spasms - a sharp and stable shortening of the muscles. Accompanied by severe pain.
4. At this time, the kidney tissue swells and becomes inflamed without timely medical intervention: this is how the body reacts and signals a problem.
5. Due to the increased parenchyma of the organ, the nerve endings are pinched, causing painful sensations.

Preventive actions

To protect your body and eliminate signs of renal colic in women

, you need to carry out a number of activities:

• do not delay treatment,
• during the treatment of inflammatory processes,
• do not overload your body with physical activity,
• At the first signs of illness, consult a specialist for examination.

Modern treatment methods will help you quickly and effectively cope with the disease. You just need to seek qualified help in time. Specialists will help relieve pain and provide all necessary, timely assistance to restore the outflow of fluid from the kidneys.

Symptoms of renal colic

The most obvious sign of pathology is severe pain in the lumbar region, usually on one side. It does not stop from several minutes to several hours. Almost immediately it moves to other areas: pubis, groin, inner thigh.

The patient becomes restless, irritable, and cannot find a position that helps relieve pain. More often, the sufferer takes a reclining position, tightly pressing the lumbar region - this is where the unpleasant sensations are localized. However, the technique does not help for long; you have to take a different position again. It is on this basis that doctors immediately dismiss other pathologies: acute appendicitis or cholecystitis, for example, in which patients take a lying position and do not strive to change anything.

Severe pain that interferes with life is not the only symptom of problems:

• blood pressure increases;
• nausea and vomiting appear;
• bloating;
• flatulence;
• constipation

Frequent urination may occur, accompanied by additional acute pain in the urethra. There is sometimes blood in the urine. The temperature rarely rises, usually only in case of infection.

Renal colic can subside as quickly as it began. However, more often the symptoms decrease gradually: the pain is replaced by a dull, aching sensation. Only a urologist can determine whether the attacks will continue.

Stent placement (optical internal stenting)

A ureteral stent is a thin tube with many holes that is placed in the ureter to allow urine to drain freely from the kidney. Urine passes inside the lumen of the stent and the stone does not interfere with this. The stent has two fixation curls, one of which is located in the kidney and the other in the bladder. Ureteral stents can be placed for several weeks, months or years. In the case of renal colic, the stent is installed for about two weeks.

Operation optical internal stenting.

Before surgery, we will tell you what to expect during ureteral stent placement. The operation is performed under local or intravenous anesthesia, which makes you feel more comfortable during the procedure. The choice of anesthesia method depends on patient preference and medical indications.

To place a stent, your doctor will first insert a cystoscope through your urethra. A cystoscope is an optical instrument of small diameter that allows you to transmit an image to the monitor of an endoscopic stand. A cystoscope is used to find the ureteral orifice (the opening through which the ureter connects to the bladder). After finding this hole, the doctor will insert a stent into the ureter through the cystoscope. Once the stent is in place, the cystoscope will be removed. The operation in our clinic is carried out under endoscopic, X-ray and ultrasound control.

After the operation, you will be transferred to the recovery room, where medical staff will monitor you. If pain occurs, your doctor may prescribe pain medication to make you feel more comfortable. As a rule, after installation of a ureteral stent, the symptoms of renal colic subside and you can be discharged home after a few days. During the first 48 hours after the procedure, it is important to drink more fluids than usual. Calculate 30 ml of drinking water per kilogram of weight per day. Approximately one day after the procedure, you can return to your normal lifestyle.

Since the stent is a foreign body (even the best quality), you can feel its presence in the form of a change in the act of urination.

You may have:

• Frequent urination, i.e. needing to urinate more often than usual
• A strong, sudden urge to urinate accompanied by bladder discomfort
• Blood in the urine. This may occur as long as the stent is in place. Sometimes this happens after increased activity. If you notice blood in your urine, drink more fluids than usual until the blood goes away
• Pain in the lower back, on the side where the stent is located, at the end of urination
• Pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen

These symptoms usually disappear over time. However, if so-called stent-related symptoms are severe enough to affect your quality of life, your doctor may prescribe medication to relieve symptoms. In rare cases, it is necessary to remove the stent ahead of schedule.

Call your doctor if you have:

- chills - temperature 37.7°C or higher - burning sensation when urinating - cloudy urine - urine has an unpleasant odor - taking painkillers does not reduce pain

Diagnosis of the problem

If urination is disturbed in the pelvicalyceal system, pain can radiate to the navel area and subcostal area. Therefore, the main goal of diagnosis at the initial stage is to differentiate renal colic from attacks of appendicitis and other pathologies of the retroperitoneal space.

Doctors collect anamnesis and conduct specific tests:

1. Definition of Pasternatsky's symptom. The urologist taps his fingertips on the back, in the area of ​​the kidneys. The patient feels increased pain. Then the patient submits his urine for analysis - blood agents are determined in the biological fluid.
2. Deep palpation of the abdomen. The doctor reveals an enlarged kidney; when pressing on the area where the organ is located, the painful sensations intensify.
3. Novocaine blockade according to M.Yu. Lorin-Epstein. At the same time, it confirms or refutes the preliminary diagnosis, reduces pain if the cause is renal colic. If the painful sensations do not go away, in 99% of cases it is not renal colic.

Next, the urologist prescribes laboratory blood tests and a urine test. The level of ESR in the blood increases. During an attack, urine changes consistency, color and other characteristics. Cloudiness, blood clots or threads, and a whitish sediment are observed.

Instrumental diagnostics help determine the cause of the pathology. The formation of stones and narrowing of the lumen of the urinary tract are determined by the following research methods:

• Survey radiography;
• Excretory urography with contrast agent;
• Retrograde pyeloureterography;
• Chromocystoscopy;
• Ultrasound;
• CT and MRI.

The equipment helps to determine the location of stones, the volume of enlarged tumors, and impaired blood supply.

Causes of urolithiasis

Currently, there is no unified theory of the causes of the development of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease, has complex, diverse development mechanisms and various chemical forms.

The main mechanism of the disease is considered to be congenital - a slight metabolic disorder, which leads to the formation of insoluble salts that form into stones. According to their chemical structure, different stones are distinguished - urates, phosphates, oxalates, etc. However, even if there is a congenital predisposition to urolithiasis, it will not develop if there are no predisposing factors.

The formation of urinary stones is based on the following metabolic disorders:

• hyperuricemia (increased levels of uric acid in the blood);
• hyperuricuria (increased levels of uric acid in the urine);
• hyperoxaluria (increased levels of oxalate salts in the urine);
• hypercalciuria (increased levels of calcium salts in the urine);
• hyperphosphaturia (increased levels of phosphate salts in the urine);
• change in urine acidity.

In the occurrence of these metabolic changes, some authors give preference to environmental influences (exogenous factors), others - to endogenous causes, although their interaction is often observed.

Exogenous causes of urolithiasis:

• climate;
• geological soil structure;
• chemical composition of water and flora;
• food and drinking regime;
• living conditions (monotonous, sedentary lifestyle and recreation);
• working conditions (harmful industries, hot workshops, hard physical labor, etc.).

The food and drinking regimes of the population - the total calorie content of food, abuse of animal protein, salt, foods containing large amounts of calcium, oxalic and ascorbic acids, lack of vitamins A and group B in the body - play a significant role in the development of KSD.

Endogenous causes of urolithiasis:

• infections of both the urinary tract and outside the urinary system (tonsillitis, furunculosis, osteomyelitis, salpingoophoritis);
• metabolic diseases (gout, hyperparathyroidism);
• deficiency, absence or hyperactivity of a number of enzymes;
• severe injuries or illnesses associated with prolonged immobilization of the patient;
• diseases of the digestive tract, liver and biliary tract;
• hereditary predisposition to urolithiasis.

Factors such as gender and age play a certain role in the genesis of urolithiasis: men are affected 3 times more often than women.

Along with the general causes of an endogenous and exogenous nature in the formation of urinary stones, local changes in the urinary tract (developmental anomalies, additional vessels, narrowing, etc.) are also of undeniable importance, causing disruption of their function.

Treatment of renal colic

The primary task is to stop the attack by eliminating spasm of the ureteral muscles. Medicines help to cope with the problem:

• Antispasmodics;
• Analgesics (ganglionic blockers);
• Anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal or steroidal;
• Antidiuretics;
• Antihistamines.

Doctors recommend placing a warm heating pad on the affected area while the ambulance is traveling. Hot baths help reduce symptoms.

Doctors choose different forms of medications. Tablets and capsules help with moderate attack intensity. If the damage is severe, doctors prescribe intravenous or intramuscular injections. Sometimes catheterization of the ureter is required to prevent waste fluid from accumulating.

In difficult situations, when there is a risk of death or disability, doctors resort to radical measures:

1. Percutaneous pyelonephrostomy: doctors install a synthetic drainage for normal urine outflow;
2. Open (minimally invasive) removal of stones of the pelvis, cup, ureter;
3. Kidney decapsulation: doctors excise the kidney capsule, internal pressure decreases;
4. Nephrectomy: Doctors choose a method if severe kidney damage, a malignant process or necrosis is detected.

Next, doctors must treat the underlying disease: pyelonephritis, nephroptosis.

Signs of urolithiasis

Manifestations of urolithiasis may resemble symptoms of other diseases of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. That is why a urologist first of all needs to exclude such manifestations of an acute abdomen as acute appendicitis, uterine and ectopic pregnancy, cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, etc., which sometimes needs to be done together with doctors of other specialties. Based on this, determining the diagnosis of ICD can be difficult and lengthy, and includes the following procedures:

1. Examination by a urologist, obtaining a detailed medical history in order to maximize the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the disease and correct metabolic and other disorders for the prevention of the disease and metaphylaxis of relapses. The important points of this stage are to clarify:

• type of activity;
• time of onset and nature of the course of urolithiasis;
• previous treatment;
• family history;
• nutrition style;
• a history of Crohn's disease, bowel surgery or metabolic disorders;
• drug history;
• presence of sarcoidosis;
• the presence and nature of the course of urinary infection;
• the presence of anomalies of the genitourinary organs and operations on the urinary tract;
• a history of trauma and immobilization.

2. Visualization of the stone:

• Ultrasound of the kidneys, upper and lower urinary tract;
• performing survey and excretory urography or spiral computed tomography.

3. Clinical analysis of blood, urine, urine pH. Biochemical examination of blood and urine.

4. Culture of urine for microflora and determination of its sensitivity to antibiotics.

5. If necessary, stress tests with calcium (differential diagnosis of hypercalciuria) and ammonium chloride (diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis), and parathyroid hormone testing are performed.

6. Analysis of the stone (if any).

7. Biochemical and radioisotope studies of kidney function.

8. Retrograde ureteropyelography, ureteropyeloscopy, pneumopyelography.

9. Study of stones by tomographic density (used to predict the effectiveness of lithotripsy and prevent possible complications).

Treatment of urolithiasis

How to get rid of stones

Due to the fact that the causes of urolithiasis are not fully understood, surgical removal of a kidney stone does not mean the patient’s recovery.

Treatment of people suffering from urolithiasis can be either conservative or surgical.

The general principles of treatment of urolithiasis include 2 main areas: destruction and/or elimination of stones and correction of metabolic disorders. Additional treatment methods include: improving microcirculation in the kidneys, adequate drinking regimen, sanitation of the urinary tract from existing infections and residual stones, diet therapy, physiotherapy and sanatorium treatment.

After establishing a diagnosis, determining the size of the stone, its location, assessing the state of urinary tract patency and kidney function, as well as taking into account concomitant diseases and previous treatment, you can begin to select the optimal treatment method to rid the patient of the existing stone.

Stone elimination methods:

1. various conservative treatment methods that promote stone passage for small stones;
2. symptomatic treatment, which is most often used for renal colic;
3. surgical removal of a stone or removal of a kidney with a stone;
4. medicinal litholysis;
5. "local" litholysis;
6. instrumental removal of stones descended into the ureter;
7. percutaneous removal of kidney stones by extraction (litholapoxia) or contact lithotripsy;
8. ureterolitholapoxia, contact ureterolithotripsy;
9. extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESLT);

All of the above methods of treating urolithiasis are not competitive in nature and do not exclude each other, and in some cases are complementary. However, it can be said that the development and implementation of extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESLT), the creation of high-quality endoscopic technology and equipment were revolutionary events in urology at the end of the twentieth century. It was thanks to these epoch-making events that the beginning of minimally invasive and low-traumatic urology was laid, which today is developing with great success in all areas of medicine and has reached its epoch associated with the creation and widespread implementation of robotics and telecommunication systems.

The emerging minimally invasive and minimally traumatic methods of treating urolithiasis have radically changed the mentality of an entire generation of urologists, the distinctive feature of which today is that regardless of the size and location of the stone, as well as its “behavior,” the patient should and can be rid of it! And this is correct, since even small, asymptomatic stones located in the calyces must be eliminated, since there is always a risk of their growth and the development of chronic pyelonephritis.

Currently, the most widely used methods for the treatment of urolithiasis are extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESLT), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (-lapaxy) (PNL), and ureterorenoscopy (URS), due to which the number of open operations has been reduced to a minimum, and in most clinics in Western Europe - to zero.